The or manufacturing factory is an industrial site, usually consisting of buildings and machinery, or more generally a complex with multiple buildings, where workers produce goods or operate machines that process one product into another.
Factories sprang up with the introduction of machinery during the Industrial Revolution when capital and space requirements became too large for home industries or workshops. Early factories containing small numbers of machines, such as one or two spinning mules, and fewer than a dozen workers have been called "glorified workshops".
Most modern factories have large warehouses or facilities such as warehouses containing heavy equipment used for assembly line production. Large factories tend to be placed with access to various modes of transport, with some having rail facilities, highways, and water loading and dismantling.
The plant can make separate products or some kind of continuously produced materials such as chemicals, pulp and paper, or refined petroleum products. Factories producing chemicals are often called plants and may have most of their equipment - tanks, pressure vessels, chemical reactors, pumps and piping - outdoors and operated from the control room. The oil refinery has most of their equipment outdoors.
Discrete products can be end-consumer goods, or parts and sub-assemblies made into final products elsewhere. The plant can be supplied part of another place or make it from raw materials. Sustained production industries typically use heat or electricity to convert the flow of raw materials into finished products.
The term mill originally refers to grain milling, which usually uses natural resources such as water or wind power until they are removed by steam power in the 19th century. Since many processes such as spinning and weaving, iron rolls, and papermaking were initially supported by water, these terms persist as in steel mills, paper mills, etc.
Video Factory
History
Max Weber regards production during ancient times as never guaranteeing classification as a factory, with production methods and contemporary economic situations unmatched by modern or even pre-modern industrial developments. In ancient times, the earliest production was confined to households, developed into an independent, independent enterprise to where the inhabitants with production at that time only began to become industrial characteristics, referred to as "unpaid store industry", a situation caused mainly under the reign of the Egyptian pharaoh, with slave work and no difference in skills in a slave group proportional to the modern definition as a division of labor.
According to the translation of Demosthenes and Herodotus, Naucratis is, or is the only, factory in all of ancient Egypt. Sources 1983 (Hopkins), declared the largest factory production in ancient times was 120 slaves in the 4th century BC of Athens. An article in the New York Times article of 13 October 2011 states:
"In the Cave of Africa, the Signs of an Ancient Cat Factory" - (John Noble Wilford)
... was found in Blombos Cave, a cave on the south coast of South Africa where 100,000 year old tools and materials were found where early modern humans mixed ocher-based paints.
Despite the definition of the Cambridge Online Dictionary of factory status:
a building or set of buildings where a large number of goods are made using machines
di tempat lain:
... machine utilization presupposes social cooperation and division of labor
The first machine is declared by one source to be used as a trap to help catch animals, according to the machine as a mechanism that operates independently or with very little power by interaction from humans, with the capacity to be used repeatedly with proper operation. same at every opportunity to function. Wheel created c. 3000 BC, wheels explored c. 2000 BC. The Iron Age began around 1200-1000 BC. However, other sources define the machine as a means of production.
Archeology provides dates for the earliest cities of 5000 BC such as Tell Brak (Ur et al. 2006), therefore dates for cooperation and demand factors, by increasing the size of communities and populations to make something like factory production levels a need imaginable.
According to one water-mill text was first made in 555 AD by Belisarius, though according to others they were known to Pliny the Elder and Vitruvius in the first century B.C. In the 4th century factories A.D. with the capacity to grind 3 tons of cereal per hour, a level sufficient to meet the needs of 80,000 people, used by the Roman Empire.
The Venice Arsenal provides one of the first instances of a factory in the modern sense of the word. Founded in 1104 in Venice, the Venetian Republic, several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, mass production vessels on assembly lines using manufactured parts. The Venice Arsenal turns out to produce almost one ship every day and, at its peak, employs 16,000 people.
Industrial Revolution
One of the earliest factories was the silk silk mill John Lombe in Derby, operated in 1721. In 1746, an integrated brass factory worked at Warmley near Bristol. Raw materials enter at one end, melted into brass and converted into pots, pins, wires, and other items. Housing is provided for on site workers. Josiah Wedgwood in Staffordshire and Matthew Boulton at Soho Manufactory were other leading early industrialists, who used the factory system.
Factory systems began to be widely used later on when cotton rotated mechanized.
Richard Arkwright is a man who is credited with creating a prototype of a modern factory. After he patented his water frame in 1769, he founded Cromford Mill, in Derbyshire, England, significantly expanding the village of Cromford to accommodate new migrant workers in the area. The factory system is a new way to organize the work required by the development of machines that are too large to be placed in workers' huts. Working hours are as long as they work for farmers, from dawn to dusk, six days per week. Overall, this practice essentially reduces skilled and unskilled workers into replaceable commodities. The Arkwright factory is the first successful cotton mill in the world; it shows firmly the way forward for industry and is widely copied.
Between 1820 and 1850 mechanical factories replaced traditional handyman shops as the dominant form of manufacturing institutions, as large-scale factories enjoyed significant technological advantages over the small craftsmen's stores. The earliest factories (using factory systems) thrive in cotton and wool textile industries. The next generation of factories include the production of mechanical shoes and machine making, including machine tools. The factories that supply the rail industry include grinding, casting, and locomotives work. Agricultural equipment factories produce plows and cast steel builders. The bikes were mass-produced starting in the 1880s.
The Nasmyth, Gaskell and Bridgewater Foundry Company, which began operation in 1836, was one of the earliest factories to use modern material handling such as cranes and railroads through buildings to handle heavy items.
Large-scale electrification of factories began around 1900 after the development of AC motors capable of running at a constant speed depending on the number of poles and current electrical frequencies. Initially larger motors were added to the line axis, but as soon as the small horsepower motor became widely available, the factory switched to the drive unit. Eliminating the channel axle frees the plant from layout constraints and allows plant layout to be more efficient. Electrification enables sequential automation using relay logic.
Assembly line
Henry Ford revolutionized the concept of the factory further at the beginning of the 20th century, with mass production innovations. Highly specialized workers located along a series of rolling ramps will build a product like (in the case of Ford) a car. This concept dramatically lowers the cost of production for virtually all manufactured goods and brings the era of consumerism.
In the mid to late 20th century, industrialized countries introduced next generation factories with two improvements:
- The latest statistical methods of quality control, spearheaded by American mathematician William Edwards Deming, initially ignored by his country. Quality control transforms Japanese factories into world leaders in cost-effectiveness and production quality.
- Industrial robots on the factory floor, introduced in the late 1970s. This computer-controlled welding and release arm can perform simple tasks such as installing car doors quickly and flawlessly 24 hours a day. It also cuts costs and increases speed.
Some speculations about the future of the factory include scenarios with rapid prototyping, nanotechnology, and zero orbital gravity facilities.
Maps Factory
Factories historically significant
- Venetian Arsenal
- Cromford Mill
- Lombe Mill
- Soho Factory
- Portsmouth Block Mills
- Historic Site from Slater Mill
- Lowell Mills
- Springfield Armory
- Harpers Ferry Armory
- Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company also called Bridgewater Foundry
- Baldwin Locomotive Works
- Highland Park Ford Plant
- Ford River Rouge Complex
- Hawthorne Works
Factory location determination
Prior to the arrival of mass transportation, the need for more concentrations of workers will mean that they usually grow in urban environments or foster their own urbanization. Industrial slums develop, and strengthen their own development through inter-factory interactions, such as when one factory output or waste product becomes the raw material of another factory (preferably nearby). Canals and trains grow when factories are scattered, each running around cheap energy sources, available materials and/or mass market. Exceptions proven rule: even greenfield plant sites like Bournville, established in rural neighborhoods, develop their own housing and benefit from convenient communication systems.
The regulation held back some of the worst excesses of the industrialized-based society, a series of Factory Stories leading the way in England. Tram, car and urban planning encourage separate development from industrial suburbs and suburban areas, with workers returning between them.
Although factories dominate the Industrial Era, growth in the service sector has finally begun to degrade them: the focus of the workforce generally shifts to the downtown office tower or to the semi-rural campus style, and many factories stand quiet in the local rust area. belt.
The next blow to the traditional factories comes from globalization. The manufacturing process (or their logical successor, assembly plant) by the end of the 20th century is refocused in many ways in Special Economic Zones in developing countries or in maquiladora just across the national boundaries of industrialized nations. Further re-location to industrialized countries may be due to the benefits of outsourcing and lessons learned from flexible locations in the future.
Setting up the factory
Many management theories are developed in response to the need to control factory processes. Assumptions about the hierarchy of unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled workers and their supervisors and managers are still alive; However an example of a more contemporary approach to handle designs applicable to manufacturing facilities can be found at Socio-Technical Systems (STS).
Shadow factory
A shadow factory is a term given to a dispersed manufacturing location during a war to reduce the risk of interference from enemy air strikes and often with the dual purpose of increasing manufacturing capacity. Before World War II, Britain had built many shadow factories.
British shadow factory
Production of Supermarine Spitfire at its parent base in Woolston, Southampton is vulnerable to enemy attacks as high profile targets and within the range of Luftwaffe bombers. Indeed, on 26 September 1940 this facility was completely destroyed by enemy bomb attacks. Supermarine has set up a factory in Castle Bromwich; this action encouraged them to further disperse the production of Spitfire across the country with many places requested by the British Government.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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