The Ford Model T (colloquially known as Tin Lizzie , Leaping Lena , or flivver ) is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1, 1908, to May 26, 1927. Generally regarded as the first affordable car, a car that opens the journey to the American public middle class; some of these are due to Ford's efficient fabrication, including the production of assembly lines rather than individual crafts.
Ford Model T was named the most influential car of the 20th century in the Car Contest of the Century 1999, ahead of BMC Mini, CitroÃÆ'¡n DS, and Volkswagen Type 1. Ford's Model T succeeds not only because it provides inexpensive cost. transportation on a large scale, but also because cars signaled innovation for the rising middle class and became a powerful symbol of American modernization. With 16.5 million sold, these eighths rank ten of the list of the most sold cars in 2012.
Although cars have been around for decades, they are still rare, expensive, and unreliable in the introduction of Model T in 1908. Positioned as a reliable, marketable, mass-market mass transport is a successful success. Within days of its release, 15,000 orders were placed. The first production T model was produced on August 12, 1908 and left the factory on September 27, 1908, at the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit, Michigan. On May 26, 1927, Henry Ford witnessed the 15 millionth Model T Ford from an assembly line at his factory in Highland Park, Michigan.
Some cars were conceived by Henry Ford from the company's founding in 1903 before the Model T was introduced. Although he started out with Model A, there were no 20 production models (A to T); some are just prototypes. The production model immediately before Model T is Model S, an enhanced version of the company's greatest success at that point, Model N. Follow-up is Ford Model A (rather than Model U). The company's publicity says this is because the new car is like a departure from the old one who wants Henry starting from scratch again with the letter A.
The Model T is the first mass-produced Ford car in assembly line that moves with completely interchangeable parts, marketed to the middle class. Henry Ford said of the vehicle:
I will build a car for the crowd. It will be big enough for families, but small enough to be run and cared for by individuals. It will be built from the finest materials, by the best people to be hired, after the simplest design that can be designed by modern engineering. But the price will be so low that no one who gets a good salary will not be able to have one - and enjoy with his family the blessings of the hour of pleasure in God's great open space.
Although the credit for the development of the Ransom E. Olds assembly line with the first mass-produced car, the Oldsmobile Curved Dash, started in 1901, the remarkable progress in system efficiency over the life of Model T can be credited almost entirely to Ford's vision and its engineers.
Video Ford Model T
Characteristics
Model T was designed by Childe Harold Wills, and Hungarian immigrants Joseph A. Galamb and Eugene Farkas. Henry Love, C. J. Smith, Gus Degner and Peter E. Martin are also part of the team. Production of Model T started in the third quarter of 1908. Current collectors sometimes classify the Model Ts by constructing years and call this a "model year", thus labeling the first Ts Model as a 1909 model. This is a retroactive classification scheme; the concept of a model year that is understood currently does not exist at that time. The nominal model determination is "Model T", although design revisions do occur during two decades of car production.
Engine
The Model T has an inline 177-cubic inch (2.9L) inline engine, producing 20 hp (15 kW), for a top speed of 40-45 mph (64-72 km/h). According to Ford Motor Company, the Model T has fuel economy on the order of 13-21 mpg -US (16-25 mpg -imp ; 18-11Ã, L/100Ã, km ). The machine is capable of running on petrol, kerosene, or ethanol, although a decrease in the cost of gasoline and introduction of Prohibition then makes ethanol as fuel impractical for most users. The engines of the first 2444 units were cooled with water pumps; engine unit of 2,448 and so on, with some exceptions before about 2,500 units, cooled by thermosiphon action.
The ignition system used in Model T is unusual, with a low voltage magneto incorporated in a flywheel, supplying alternating current to the trembler coil to drive the spark plug. This is closer to that used for stationary gas engines than the expensive high voltage ignition magnets used on some other cars. This ignition also makes the Model T more flexible for the quality or type of fuel it uses. This system does not require an initial battery, because the right hand crank will produce enough current to start. Electrical lighting powered by magneto was adopted in 1915, replacing acetylene and oil lamps, but electricity began not offered until 1919.
The Model T engine was manufactured for replacement needs, as well as stationary and marine applications until 1941, also after the production of the Model T ended. It was also used in the Fordson tractor drivetrain, which was manufactured in the US until 1928, and in Ireland until 1964.
Transmission and drive trains
Model T is a rear-wheel drive vehicle. Transmission is a planetary gear type called the "three speed". In today's terms will be regarded as two speeds, because one of the three speeds is backward.
The Model T transmission is controlled by a three foot pedal and a lever mounted to the driver's side of the road. The throttle is controlled with a lever on the steering wheel. The left pedal is used to involve transmission. With the floor lever either in the middle or fully forward position and the pedal is pressed and held forward, the car enters the low gear. When held in a central position, the car is neutral. If the left pedal is released, the Model T enters high gear, but only when the lever is fully advanced - in another position, the pedal will only move as far as the central neutral position. This allows the car to be held in a neutral state while the driver starts the engine by hand. The car can go without the driver had to press one of the pedals.
The first 800 units are sent upside down with levers; all units after it are sent upside down with a pedal between the clutch and brake pedal. The middle pedal is used to light the reverse gear when the car is in neutral condition. The right pedal operates the transmission brake - no brakes on the wheels. The floor lever also controls the parking brake, which is activated by pulling the lever all the way back. It's doubled as an emergency brake.
Although rare, the drive of the band may fall from the adjustment, allowing the car to crawl, especially when cold, adding another danger to try to start the car: people who crank the engine can be forced backwards while still holding the crank as the car creeps forward, albeit in nominal neutral. When a car uses a wet clutch, this condition can also occur in cold weather, when the thickened oil prevents clutch discs from slipping freely. Power achieves a differential through a single universal connection attached to a torque tube that pushes the rear axle; some models (usually trucks, but available for cars, too) can be equipped with an optional two-speed Ruckstell rear axle shifted by floor-mounted levers that provide an underdrive gear for easier climbing hills. All gears are vanadium steels that flow in the oil bath.
Ribbon and transmission coating
Two main types of ribbon coating materials are used:
- Cotton - The cotton woven layer is the original type that is installed and determined by Ford. Generally, the cotton lining is "friendly" to the surface of the drum, with damage to the drum caused only by the retaining rim of the drum surface scoring. Although this alone does not pose a problem, drag bands resulting from improper adjustments cause transmission and overheating machines, reduced power, and - in the case of cotton lining - the rapid destruction of band layers.
- Timber - Wooden coatings were originally offered as part of "longer life" accessories over the lifetime of Model T. They are a piece of steam-bent wood and metal wire, fitted to normal Model T transmission bands. These bands give a very different feel to the pedals, with more nuances of "bites". The sensation is a definite "drum" grip and seems to enhance feelings, especially on brake drums.
Suspensions and wheels
The Model T suspension uses a semi-ellipse mounted horizontally for each front and rear axle that allows a lot of wheel movements to tackle the ground roads at the time.
Front axle dropped as one part of vanadium steel. Ford spun a lot of axle through eight full rotations (2880 degrees) and sent it to dealers for exhibition to show its superiority. The Model T does not have a modern servicing brake. The right foot pedal implements the band around the drum in the transmission, thus stopping the rear wheel from the turn. Hand brake lever is previously operated brake controller, which works on the inside of the rear brake drum, which is an integral part of the rear wheel hub. An optional brake working on the outside of the brake drum is available from an aftermarket supplier.
The wheels are wooden artillery wheels, with steel-welded wheels available in 1926 and 1927.
The tire is a pneumatic, 30 ×, (76Ã, cm), 3.5Ã, in (8.9Ã, cm) wide behind, 3Ã, at (7.6 cm) in the front. They require much higher pressure than current tires, usually 60 psi (410 kPa), to prevent them from leaving the rim at speed. Horseshoe spikes on the streets, along with high pressure, make flat tires a common problem.
Balloon tires became available in 1925. They are aged 21Ã, in ÃÆ' â € "4.5 (53 cm) in the vicinity. The balloon tire is closer to the current tire design, with steel wires reinforcing the tire bead, making the pressure lower - typically 35 psi (240 kPa) - giving the driver a softer ride. The old nomenclature for tire size changes from measuring outside diameter to measuring the rim diameter so that 21 in (530 mm) (rim diameter) ÃÆ'â € "4.5 in (110 mm) (wheel width) has approximately an outer diameter equal to 30 in (76 cm) tire that determines. All tires in this period use an inner tube to withstand compressed air; Tubeless tires are generally not used until long after.
Wheelbase spacing is 100 Å, inches (254 × cm) and standard footprint is 56 in (142 × cm); The 60 in (152 cm) tread can be obtained by special order, "for the South road", identical to the pre-war Civil War track for many railway lines in the former Confederate.
Color
By 1918, half of all cars in the US were Model Ts. In his autobiography, Ford reported that in 1909 he told his management team, "Every customer can have any color-painted car he wants as long as it's black."
However, in the first years of production from 1908 to 1913, the Model T was not available in black but only gray, green, blue, and red. Green is available for tour cars, city cars, coupes, and Landaulets. Gray is only available for city car, and only red for car tour. In 1912, all cars were painted midnight blue with black fenders. New in 1914 was the policy of "any color during that black" was finally implemented. It is often stated that Ford suggested the use of black from 1914 to 1926 due to the low cost, durability, and faster drying time of black paint in that era. The choice of paint in the American automotive industry, as well as in other countries (including locomotives, furniture, bicycles, and the rapidly growing field of electrical equipment), is shaped by the development of the chemical industry. These included dye interference during World War I and its emergence, in the mid-1920s, new, faster, dry, and more scratch-resistant, nitrocellulose bells, avoiding the need for multiple layers; understanding the choice of paint for the T-era model and the following immediate years requires an understanding of the contemporary chemical industry.
During the production of the Model T, over 30 different types of black paint are used in different parts of the car. It is formulated to suit different ways of applying paints to different parts, and has different drying times, depending on the parts, paints, and drying methods.
Body
Although Ford classifies the Model T with the designation of a single letter throughout its life and does not make any difference to the year model, significant changes are sufficient for the body made during production life that the car can be classified into multiple styles of force. Among the most visible and identifiable changes are in the hood and cowl section, although many other modifications are made to the vehicle.
- 1909-1914 - Characterized by a nearly straight-sided five-sided hood, with a flat top that contains a central hinge and two beveled sides containing a folding hinge. Firewall flat from the windshield without a different cowl.
- 1915-1916 - The design of the hood is almost the same as the five-sided design with the only obvious change is the addition of a grid on the vertical side. Significant changes to the cowl area occur with the windshield moving significantly behind the firewall and joining the cowl compound-berkontour panel.
- 1917-1923 - The hood design is transformed into a tapered design with a curved upper part. The folding hinge is now located at the connection between the flat side and the curved top. It is sometimes referred to as a "low hood" to distinguish it from the later veil. The back of the hood now meets the front edge of the cover panel so that no part of the flat firewall is visible outside the hood. This design is used the longest and during the highest production years, accounting for about half of the total number of Ts models built.
- 1923-1925 - This change was made during calendar year 1923, so the model made earlier in the year has an older design, while newer vehicles have newer designs. The tapered hood is increased and the back of the firewall is about an inch taller and a few inches wider than the previous design. Although this is a relatively small change, the parts between the third and fourth generation are not interchangeable.
- 1926-1927 - This design change makes the biggest difference in car appearance. The hood is re-enlarged, with the cowl panel no longer forming a compound curve and fused more with the hood line. The distance between the firewall and the windshield also increased significantly. This style is sometimes referred to as a "high hood".
The last "generation" style is a preview for the following Model A, but the two models are visually quite different, because the body at A is much wider and has a curved door compared to a flat door in T.
Various apps
When Model T was designed and introduced, the world's infrastructure is very different from today. The sidewalks are very sparse except for sidewalks and some big city streets. (The meaning of the term "sidewalk" is equivalent to "sidewalks" dating from that era, when roads and roads generally land and sidewalks are paved roads to walk along them.) Agriculture is the work of many people. Rare electric utilities outside the factory, as well as a source of energy for them; electrification, such as sidewalks, is found usually only in big cities. Rural electrification and motor mechanization are embryonic in some areas and are absent in most areas. Henry Ford oversees the requirements and design of the Model T based on contemporary reality. As a result, Model T (deliberately) is almost as much a tractor and a portable machine as it is a car. It is always considered good for the ability of all terrain and its ruggedness. It can walk on rocky, muddy farm paths, across shallow rivers, up steep hills, and parked on the other side to take off one of its wheels and pulleys tied to a hub for flat belt to move bucksaw, thresher, silo blower, conveyor to fill corn or hay boxes, balers, water pumps, electric generators, and many other applications. One unique application from Model T is shown in the October 1922 issue of Fordson Farmer magazine. It shows a minister who has turned Model T into a moving church, complete with small organs.
During this era, all cars (including thousands of Ts models) were even hacked by the owner and reconfigured into dedicated machines permanently dedicated to destinations, such as homemade tractors and ice saws. Dozens of aftermarket companies sell prefab kits to facilitate the conversion of T from car to tractor. The T model has been around for a decade before the Fordson tractor is available (1917-1918), and many Ts have been converted for field use. (For example, Harry Ferguson, later renowned for his hitches and tractors, worked on Eros Model T tractor conversion before he worked with Fordsons and others.) Over the next decade, the Model T tractor conversion tractor was harder to sell, like Fordson and then Farmall (1924 ), as well as other light and affordable tractors, serving the agricultural market. But during the Depression (1930s), the Model T tractor conversion kits underwent a resurgence, because at that time using the Ts Model and junkyard parts for them were abundant and inexpensive.
Like many popular car engines of the era, the Model T engine was also used on homemade aircraft (such as Pietenpol Sky Scout) and motorboats.
Variants of armored cars (called FT-B) were developed in Poland in 1920 due to high demand during the Polish-Soviet war in 1920.
Many of the Ts Models are converted into vehicles that can travel across heavy snow with the kits on the rear wheels (sometimes with a pair of additional rear wheels mounted on the back and two sets of continuous tracks to be mounted on the now-tandemed rear wheels, essentially making it half- track) and ski replace the front wheel. They are popular for rural mail delivery for a while. The common name for the conversion of cars and small trucks is "snowflyers". These vehicles are very popular in northern Canada, where factories are established to produce them.
A number of companies built the T-based Model railcars. In The Great Railway Bazaar, Paul Theroux mentions a train ride in India on such a train. The RM New Zealand Railway class includes several.
Maps Ford Model T
Production
Mass production
The knowledge and skills required by factory workers were reduced to 84 fields. When introduced, T used a typical building method at the time, hand assembly, and small production. The Ford Piquette Avenue plant was unable to meet the demand for the Model T, and only 11 cars were built there during the first full month of production. More and more machines are used to reduce complexity in 84 specified fields. In 1910, after assembling nearly 12,000 Ts models, Henry Ford moved the company to the new Highland Park complex. During this time, the Model T production system is diverted into an example of assembly production icon; in the next decades it will also be seen as a classic example of a rigid first generation production assembly version, as opposed to a flexible mass production.
As a result, Ford's automobile came out of the line in three-minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, reducing production time from 12.5 hours before being 93 minutes in 1914, while using less labor. In 1914, Ford made more cars than all the other cars combined. The Model T was a huge commercial success, and by the time Henry made his 10 million cars, half of all cars in the world were Ford. Ford was very successful not buying any advertising between 1917 and 1923; on the contrary, Model T becomes so famous, people regard it as the norm. More than 15 million models of the Ts were produced at all, reaching the level of 9,000 to 10,000 cars per day in 1925, or 2 million per year, more than other models of its time, for just $ 260. Total Model T production was eventually exceeded by Volkswagen Beetle on February 17, 1972.
Henry Ford's ideological approach to the Model T design is one way to get it right and then keep it the same; he believes the Model T is the car that will, or may, need. Since other companies offer comfort and styling advantages, at competitive prices, the Model T loses market share. Design changes are not as small as the public feel, but the unchanging model idea remains intact. Finally, on May 26, 1927, Ford Motor Company suspended US production and initiated the necessary transfers to produce Model A. Several other Model T plants in the world continued for some time.
The Model T engine continued to be produced until August 4, 1941. Nearly 170,000 were built after the production of the car stopped, as replacement engines were required to service the already-produced vehicles. Racers and fans, a modern hot rod pioneer, used the Model T block to build popular and inexpensive racing machines, including Cragar, Navarro, and the famous Frontenacs ("Fronty Fords") of the Chevrolet brothers, among many others.
Model T uses several advanced technologies, for example, the use of vanadium steel alloys. Its durability is phenomenal, and some of the Ts models and parts are in order to run more than a century later. Although Henry Ford rejected some kind of change, he always championed the advances of material engineering, and often engineering machinery and industrial engineering.
In 2002, Ford built the final batch of six Ts Models as part of their hundredth centennial celebration. These cars are assembled from the remaining new components and other parts produced from the original image. The last of the six is ​​used for publicity purposes in the UK.
Although Ford no longer produces components for the Model T, many parts are still manufactured through private companies as replicas to serve thousands of Ts models that are still in operation today.
On May 26, 1927, Henry Ford and his son Edsel, driving the 15 millionth Model T from the factory. This marks the last day of the famous car production in the main factory.
Price and production
The moving assembly line system, which began on October 7, 1913, allowed Ford to sell its car at a lower price than its competitors. As he continued to refine the system, Ford was able to reduce costs significantly. As the volume increases, it can also lower the price due to the fixed costs that are spread over a large number of vehicles. Other factors affect prices such as material costs and design changes.
In current equivalent dollars, Runabout costs started at $ 22,471 in 1909 and ended at $ 3,628 in 1925.
The figures below are US production figures compiled by R.E. Houston, Ford Production Department, August 3, 1927. The numbers between 1909 and 1920 are for Ford's fiscal year. From 1909 to 1913, the fiscal year is from 1 October to 30 September the following calendar year with the year number being the year in which it ends. For the fiscal year 1914, the year was October 1, 1913, until July 31, 1914. Beginning in August 1914, and until the end of the Model T era, the fiscal year was August 1 to July 31. Beginning with January 1920, the figures were for the calendar year.
Overall, a total of 14,689,525 were produced.
Recycling
Henry Ford used a wooden cut from Ts Model's production to make charcoal briquettes. Originally named Ford Charcoal, the name was changed to Kingsford Charcoal after the Ford Iron Mountain Plant closed in 1951 and Kingsford Chemical Corporation was formed and continued the process of refining wood. E. G. Kingsford, Ford's cousin by marriage, broker new sections selection and location of a distillation plant. The wood for the Model T production comes from the same location, built in 1920 called Iron Mountain Ford which incorporates sawmills where timber from Ford bought land in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was cut and dried. The scrap wood is distilled at the Iron Mountain plant for its wood chemicals, with the final product being a lump of charcoal. This lump charcoal is modified and pressed into briquettes and mass marketed by Ford
The first global car
Ford Model T is the first car made by various countries simultaneously since it was produced in Walkerville, Canada, and at Trafford Park, Greater Manchester, England, beginning in 1911 and then assembled in Germany, Argentina, France, Spain, Denmark. , Norway, Belgium, Brazil, Mexico, and Japan, as well as several locations across the US. Ford utilizes the concept of knock-down kits almost from the start of the company as freight and production costs from Detroit have Ford assembly vehicles in major US metropolitan centers.
Aeroford is a British car manufactured in Bayswater, London, from 1920 to 1925. It is a Model T with different hoods and grilles to make it look like a completely different design, later referred to as a badge engineering. Aeroford sold from Ã, Â £ 288 in 1920, fell to Ã, £ 168-214 in 1925. It was available as two seats, four seats, or coupÃÆ'Â ©.
Advertising and marketing
Ford created a massive publicity machine in Detroit to make sure every newspaper carried news and advertisements about new products. The local Ford dealer network makes cars everywhere in almost every North American city. Much of Ford's Model T's success comes from an innovative strategy that introduces a large network of sales hubs making it easy to buy cars. As an independent dealer, franchises grow rich and are published not just Ford but the concept of automobiling; local motor clubs have sprung up to help new drivers and explore the countryside. Ford always wants to sell to farmers, who view vehicles as a commercial tool to help their business. Sales soared - several years posted about 100 percent profit in the previous year.
Car club
Cars built before 1919 are classified as vintage cars and later models as ancient cars. Today, four major clubs exist to support the preservation and recovery of these cars: Model T Ford Club International, Model T Ford Club of America and Australian joint club. With many club branches around the world, Model T Ford Club of Victoria has membership with a large number of unique Australian cars. (Australia produces its own car body, and therefore many differences occur between Australian tourists and US/Canadian cars.) In the UK, the Model T Ford Register of Great Britain celebrates its 50th anniversary in 2010. Many parts of the Model T steel are still produced today, and even the fiberglass replicas of their typically manufactured bodies, popular for hot-style T-bucket rods (as enshrined in Jan and Dean's music song, "Bucket T", later recorded by The Who). In 1949, more than twenty years after the end of production, 200,000 Ts models were registered in the United States. In 2008, it was estimated that about 50,000 to 60,000 Ford Model Ts remained well worth the way.
In popular media
- The Ford Model T is the car of choice for comedy duo Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy. It is used in most of their short films and features.
- In 1966, Belgian comic book writer Maurice Tillieux and Francis created a comic book adventure called Marc Lebut and his Model T.
- The phrase to "follow Tin Lizzie's way" is a colloquial language that refers to the decline and removal of popular products, habits, beliefs, or popular behaviors as outdated relics that have been replaced by something new./li>
- In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, Henry Ford is regarded as a messianic figure, the Christian cross has been cut into Ts, and the vehicle is called "flivvers" (from slang references to Model T). In addition, the calendar is converted to A.F system ("After Ford"), where the calendar begins (AF 1) with the introduction of Model T (AD 1908).
- The Model T has a major role in the Walt Disney sci-fi comedy The Absent-Minded Professor, where the classic cars fly.
- In an episode of Hazel's 1964 (TV series), sponsored by Ford and featuring the company's current model in the story, Hazel acquired Model T 1920.
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Source of the article : Wikipedia
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