tiles are parts produced from hard materials such as ceramics, stones, metal, or even glass, commonly used to cover roofs, floors, walls, bathrooms, or other objects such as tabletops. In addition, tiles can sometimes refer to similar units made of lightweight materials such as pearlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. In other words, a tile is a construction tile or similar object, like a rectangular counter used in game play (see tile based game). This word is derived from the French word tuile , which, in turn, of the Latin word tegula , which means a tile consisting of a fired clay.
Tiles are often used to form walls and floor coverings, and can range from simple to complicated square or mosaic tiles. Tiles are most often made of ceramics, usually coated for internal and non-glaze use for the roof, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete and other composite materials, and stones. Stone tiles are usually marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thin tiles can be used on the wall rather than on the floor, requiring a more durable surface that will withstand collisions.
Video Tile
Decorative tile work and colored bricks
Decorative artwork or tile art should be distinguished from mosaics, in which the shape is made of a large number of small irregular tesserae, each colored sole, usually of glass or sometimes ceramic or stone.
Maps Tile
History
The earliest evidence of glazed bricks is the invention of glistening bricks at the Elamite Temple in Chogha Zanbil, dated to the 13th century BC. Colored and glossy bricks are used to make low reliefs in Ancient Mesopotamia, the most famous of which is the Ishtar Babel Gate (around 575 BC), now partly reconstructed in Berlin, with passages elsewhere. Mesopotamian craftsmen imported for the palace of the Persian Empire such as Persepolis.
Tiles were used in the second century by Sinhalese kings in ancient Sri Lanka, using smooth and smooth stones placed on the floor and in the pool. Historians consider techniques and tools for tiles as well as sophisticated, evidenced by good workmanship and the suitability of tiles. Tiles from this period can be seen in Ruwanwelisaya and Kuttam Pokuna in the city of Anuradhapura.
The Achaemenid Empire decorates the building with glossy brick tiles, including the palace of Darius the Great in Susa, and the buildings at Persepolis.
The Sassanid Empire successfully used tiles patterned with geometric designs, flowers, plants, birds and humans, coated up to a centimeter thick.
The earliest Islamic mosaics in Iran consist primarily of geometric decoration in mosques and tombs, made of glazed brick. Typical turquoise surfaces became popular in the 10th-11th century and are mostly used for Kufic inscriptions on mosque walls. Seyyed Mosque in Isfahan (AD 1122), Dome of Maraqeh (AD 1147) and Jame Mosque of Gonabad (1212 AD) are among the best examples. The domes of Jame 'Atiq Qazvin Mosque are also dated in this period.
The golden age of Persian madness began in the reign of the Eastern Empire. In moraq techniques, single-color tiles are cut into small geometric pieces and assembled by pouring the molten plaster between them. After hardening, these panels are installed on the walls of the building. But the mosaic is not limited to flat areas. Tiles are used to cover interior and exterior surfaces of the dome. Examples of prominent EastIDs of this technique include Jame Mosque of Yazd (AD 1324-1365), Goharshad Mosque (AD 1418), Madrasah Khan in Shiraz (AD 1615), and Mosque of Molana (1444 AD).
Other important tile techniques today include tile girih, with their typical white girih, or rope.
Mihrab, which is the focal point of the mosque, is usually the places where the most sophisticated tilework works are located. The 14th century Mihrab in Imami Madrasah in Isfahan is a remarkable example of the aesthetic union between Islamic calligraphy and abstract ornaments. The pointed arch, framing the mihrab's niche, bears an inscription in the Kufic script used in the 9th century Qur'an.
One of Iran's most famous architectural masterpieces is the Shah Mosque in Isfahan, from the 17th century. The dome is a prime example of a mosaic of tiles and its winter prayer hall has one of the best ensembles of the world's cuerda seca . A wide variety of tiles must be made to cover the complex shape of the hall with a consistent mosaic pattern. The result is a technological triumph as well as a stunning display of abstract ornaments.
During the Safavid period, mosaic ornaments are often replaced by holog rang techniques (seven colors). The pictures are painted on plain rectangular tiles, glazed and fired thereafter. In addition to economic reasons, the seven-color method gives more freedom to artists and is more time-consuming. It's popular until the Qajar period, when the color palette is extended by yellow and orange. Seven colors of Haft Rang tiles are usually black, white, navy blue, turquoise, red, yellow and yellowish brown.
The Persian tradition continued and spread to most of the Islamic world, especially the znik pottery from Turkey under the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. The palaces, public buildings, mosques and tombs of great turtles are decorated with large brightly colored patterns, usually with flower motifs, and friezes of astonishing complexity, including florals and calligraphy and geometric patterns.
The Islamic buildings in Bukhara in Central Asia (16-17th century) also showcased the highly sophisticated flower ornaments. In the monuments and temples of South Asia are decorated with works of Kashi tiles from Persia to be distinctly different from the sanctuary of Multan and Sindh. The Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore stands out as one of Kashi's time works from the Mughal period.
The North African Arabian zellige tradition uses small colored tiles of different shapes to create very complex geometric patterns. It is halfway to the mosaic, but because different shapes must be paired appropriately together, it falls under the tile. The use of a small colored glass field also makes it a bit like a lontar, but with ceramics rather than metal as its support.
Azulejos is derived from zellige, and the name is also derived. This term is a simple Portuguese and Spanish term for zellige, and the term for subsequent work follows tradition. Some azujelos are small-scale geometric patterns and/or vegetative motifs, some are monochrome blue and very pictorial, and some are not. The Baroque period produces a very large painting scene on the tiles, usually blue and white, for walls. Azulejos is also used in Latin American architecture.
Medieval influences between Middle Eastern tilework and tilework in Europe mainly through the Islamic Iberia and the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires. The Alhambra zellige is said to have inspired the tessellations of M. Escher C.
The medieval enclosure is made of various clay colors, formed and baked together to form a pattern, rather than sitting on the surface, running through the thickness of the tile, and thus will not fade.
The medieval Europeans used a lot of painted tiles, sometimes resulting in very complicated schemes, of which few survived. Various religious and secular stories are portrayed. Imaginary tiles with Old Testament scenes shown on the floor in Jan van Eyck 1434 Annunciation in Washington are an example. The 14th century "Tring tiles" at the British Museum show the childhood scene of Life of Christ, possibly for walls rather than floors, while the 13th-century "Chertsey Tiles", albeit from a monastery, shows scenes Richard the Lionheart fought Saladin in a very high-quality work. Medieval letter tiles were used to make Christian inscriptions on the church floor.
Delftware wall tiles, usually with painted designs that cover only one blue and white (rather small) tiles, are everywhere in the Netherlands and widely exported to Northern Europe from the 16th century, replacing many local industries. Some 18th century royal palaces have porcelain chambers with walls completely covered in porcelain tiles or panels. Sustained examples include Capodimonte, Naples, the Royal Palace of Madrid and the nearby Royal Aranjuez Palace.
There are several other types of traditional tiles that are still in the making, such as small mosaic tiles, almost mosaic, brightly colored from Morocco and the surrounding countries. With the exception, especially the Nanjing Porcelain Tower, decorated tiles or glazed bricks are not much featured in East Asian ceramics.
The Victorian Period sees a major revival in tilework, largely as part of the Gothic Awakening, but also the Arts and Crafts Movement. Patterned tiles, or tiles, are now mass-produced by machines and reliable for flooring and cheap to produce, especially for churches, schools and public buildings, but also for household and bathroom alleys. For much of the use of harder enca tiles are used. Wall tiles in various styles are also revived; The emergence of bathrooms contributes greatly to this, as well as a greater appreciation of the benefits of hygiene in the kitchen. William De Morgan is a leading British designer working on tiles, deeply influenced by Islamic design.
Because the Victorian period tiles remain standard for kitchens and bathrooms, and many types of public areas.
Portugal and SÃÆ' â € <Â £ LuÃÆ's continue the tradition of azulejo tilework today, with azulejos being used to decorate buildings, ships, and even rocks.
Azulejos
Notable among American clothing makers from the 1920s and 1930s was Ernest A. Batchelder and Pewabic Pottery.
Roof tiles
The tile is designed primarily to prevent rain, and is traditionally made from locally available materials such as terracotta or slate. Modern materials such as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a waterproof glaze. A large number of tile (or "profile") shapes have evolved.
Floor tiles
These are generally made of ceramic or stone, although recent technological advances have resulted in rubber or glass tiles for the floor as well. Ceramic tiles can be painted and coated. Small mosaic tiles can be placed in various patterns. Floor tiles are usually arranged into mortar consisting of sand, cement and often latex additives for extra adhesion. Spaces in between tiles are usually filled with sandy floor grout or not, but traditionally used as mortar.
Natural stone tiles can be beautiful but as natural products they are less uniform in color and pattern, and require more planning for use and installation. Mass-produced stone tiles have uniform width and length. Granite or marble tiles are sawed on both sides and then polished or finished on the upper surface so that they have a uniform thickness. Other natural stone tiles like slate are usually "split" (split) on the top surface so that the thickness of the tile varies slightly from one point on to another tile and from one tile to another. Variations in tile thickness can be handled by adjusting the amount of mortar under each section of the tile, using the grout line width that "rises" between different thicknesses, or by using a cold chisel to drop the high points.
Some stone tiles like polished granite, marble, and travertine are very slippery when wet. Stone tiles with split (slit) surfaces such as slate or with sawn and then sandy or sharp surfaces will be more slip resistant. Ceramic tiles for use in wet areas can be made more slip-resistant either by using very small tiles so the grout line acts as a groove or by embedding a contour pattern into the tile face.
The hardness of natural stone tiles varies so that some softer stones (eg limestone) tiles are not suitable for very heavy traffic floor areas. On the other hand, ceramic tiles usually have a glass top surface and when it becomes scratched or pitted the floor looks worn, while the same amount of wear on natural stone tiles will not show, or will be less noticeable.
Natural stone tiles can be stained with liquid spills; they should be sealed and sealed periodically with a different sealant with ceramic tiles that only require sealed grout lines. However, due to the complex and non-recurring patterns in natural stone, a small amount of dirt in many natural stone floor tiles is not visible.
The tendency of floor tiles for stains depends not only on the sealant being applied, and periodically re-applied, but also to their porosity or how the axis of the stone is. Slate is an example of a less porous stone while limestone is a more porous stone example. Different granites and marbles have different porosities with less porous ones more valuable and more expensive.
Most stone tile sellers emphasize that there will be variations of colors and patterns from one tile collection to another from the same description and variation in the same batch. Stone floor tiles tend to be heavier than ceramic tiles and are somewhat more susceptible to damage during delivery.
Rubber floor tiles have various uses, both in residential and commercial settings. They are very useful in situations where it is desirable to have high traction floors or protection for easily broken floors. Some common uses include garage flooring, workshops, terraces, pool deck, sports field, gymnasium, and dance floor.
Plastic floor tiles including interlocking floor tiles that can be installed without glue or glue are the latest innovations and are suitable for heavy areas of traffic, wet and floor areas subject to movement, wet or contamination of oils, grease or other substances that can prevent adhesion to substrate. Common uses include old factory floors, garages, gyms and sports complexes, schools and shops.
Ceiling tiles
Ceiling tiles are light tiles used inside the building. They are placed on an aluminum grid; they provide little thermal insulation but are generally designed to improve the acoustics of the room or to reduce the volume of heated or cooled air.
Mineral fiber tiles are made from various products; Wet felt tiles can be produced from pearlite, mineral wool, and fibers from recycled paper; the stone tiles are made by combining the liquid rock and the binder which is then rotated to make the tiles; gypsum tiles are based on soft minerals and then finished with vinyl, paper or decorative face.
Ceiling tiles very often have a pattern on the front face; this exists in most circumstances to help with the tile's ability to improve acoustics.
Ceiling tiles also provide a barrier to the spread of smoke and fire. Solve, move, or remove ceiling tiles allow hot gas and smoke from the fire to go up and collect the detector and sprinklers on top. Delaying their activation, allowing fires to grow faster.
Ceiling tiles, especially in old Mediterranean houses, are made of terracotta and are placed on top of wooden ceiling beams and above they are placed tiles. They are then plastered or painted, but these days are usually left empty for decorative purposes.
Modern day-ceiling tiles may be flush mount (spikes or glue) or mounted as fallen ceilings.
Materials and processes
Ceramics
Ceramic materials for tiles include pottery, stoneware and porcelain. Terracotta is a traditional material used for roof tiles.
Porcelain tiles
This is the US term, and is defined in ASTM standard C242 as ceramic mosaic tile or paver which is generally made by dust-pressing and the composition produces a dense, smooth, smooth tile, with a sharply shaped face, usually resistant. Tile colors like that are generally clear and bright.
Pebble
Similar to mosaics or other patterned tiles, gravel tiles are tiles made of small pebbles attached to a pedestal. Tiles are generally designed in an interconnected pattern so that the final installation corresponds to several suitable tiles to have a smooth look. Relatively new tile design, gravel tiles originally developed in Indonesia using pebbles found in various locations in the country. Today, gravel tiles display all kinds of rocks and pebbles from all over the world.
Digital printing
Printing techniques and manipulation of digital art and photography are used in what is known as "custom tile printing". Color sublimation printers, inkjet printers, ceramic inks, and toners allow printing on different types of tiles that produce photo-quality reproduction. By using digital image capture via scanning or digital camera, bitmap/raster images can be prepared in a photo editing software program. Special special tile printing techniques allow transfers under heat and pressure or use of high temperature kilns to blend images onto tile substrates. This has been the method of making custom tile murals for kitchens, showers, and commercial decorations in restaurants, hotels, and corporate lobbies.
Diamond scratched
The method for printing special tiles involving computer-controlled diamond drums. Compared to laser engraving, diamond etching is almost always the case.
Math tiles
Certain forms of tiles, most obviously rectangles, can be replicated to cover the surface without a gap. These are said to be tessellate (from Latin tessella , 'tile') and such tiles are called tessellation. The geometric patterns of some Islamic polychrome decorative tilings are somewhat complicated (see the geometric patterns of Islam and, in particular, Girih tiles), even to what are said to be quaziperiodic, similar to Penrose's tilings.
Further reading
- Carboni, S. & amp; Masuya, T. (1993). Persian Tiles. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- Marilyn Y. Goldberg, "The Greek Temple and the Chinese Roof," American Journal of Archeology , Vol. 87, No. 3. (Jul., 1983), pp.Ã, 305-310
- ÃÆ'-rjan Wikander, "Archaic Roof Combines First Generation," Hesperia , Vol. 59, No. 1. (Jan.-Mar., 1990), pp.Ã, 285-290
- William Rostoker; Elizabeth Gebhard, "Reproduction of Rooftiles for the Poseidon Ancient Temple in Isthmia, Greece," Field Archaeological Journal , Vol. 8, No. 2. (Summer, 1981), pp.Ã, 211-227
- Michel Kornmann and CTTB, "Clay and tile bricks, fabrication and property", Soc. Industrie Minerale, Paris (2007) ISBNÃ, 2-9517765-6-X
- E-book on roof tile manufacturing in the United States starting in 1910.
See also
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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