Georgia Totto O'Keeffe (November 15, 1887 - March 6, 1986) is an American artist. He is famous for his paintings of enlarged flowers, New York skyscrapers, and New Mexico landscapes. O'Keeffe has been recognized as "the mother of American modernism".
In 1905, O'Keeffe started a serious formal art training at the School of Art Institute of Chicago and then Art Students League of New York, but he felt constrained by the lessons that focused on creating or copying what was in nature. In 1908, unable to finance further education, he worked for two years as a commercial illustrator, and then spent seven years between 1911 and 1918 teaching in Virginia, Texas, and South Carolina. During that time, he studied art during the summer between 1912 and 1914 and was introduced to the principles and philosophies of Arthur Wesley Dow, who supported artwork based on personal style, design, and subject interpretation, rather than trying to copy or represent them. This led to major changes in the way he felt and approached art, as seen in the early stages of watercolor from his studies at the University of Virginia and more dramatically in the charcoal image he produced in 1915 leading to total abstraction. Alfred Stieglitz, an art dealer and photographer, held an exhibition of his work in 1917. Over the next few years, he taught and continued his studies at Teachers College, Columbia University in 1914 and 1915.
He moved to New York in 1918 at the request of Stieglitz and began working seriously as an artist. They developed a professional relationship - he promoted and exhibited his works - and the personal relationships that led to their marriage in 1924. O'Keeffe created many abstract art forms, including close-up photographs of flowers, such as Canna Merah Painting, which many found to represent female genitals, although O'Keeffe consistently denied that intention. The reputation of female sexuality depiction is also driven by the explicit and sensual photos that Stieglitz has taken and exhibited by O'Keeffe.
O'Keeffe and Stieglitz lived together in New York until 1929, when O'Keeffe began to spend part of the year at Southwest, which served as an inspiration for his paintings of the New Mexico landscape and skull images of animals such as Skull Cows: Red, White, and Blue and Head of Ram White Hollyhock and Little Hills. After Stieglitz's death, he lived permanently in New Mexico at Georgia O'Keeffe Home and Studio in AbiquiÃÆ'º, until the last years of his life when he lived in Santa Fe. In 2014, O'Keeffe's 1932 Jimson Weed painting sold for $ 44,405,000, more than three previous world record auctions for any female artist. After his death, the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum was founded in Santa Fe.
Video Georgia O'Keeffe
Kehidupan awal
O'Keeffe was born on November 15, 1887, in a farmhouse located at 2405 Hwy T in the town of Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. His parents, Francis Calyxtus O'Keeffe and Ida (Totto) O'Keeffe, are dairy farmers. His father was of Irish descent. Her maternal grandfather George Victor Totto, named O'Keeffe, was a Hungarian tally that came to the United States in 1848.
O'Keeffe is the second of seven children. She studied at Town Hall School in Sun Prairie. By the age of ten he had decided to become an artist, and he and his sister received art instruction from local watercolor Sara Mann. O'Keeffe attended high school at the Sacred Heart Academy in Madison, Wisconsin as a dormitory between 1901 and 1902. In late 1902 O'Keeffes moved from Wisconsin to the peacock neighborhood near Peacock Hill in Williamsburg, Virginia. The family apparently moved to Virginia so O'Keeffe's father could start a business of making rusty cast concrete blocks to anticipate demand for blocks in the building trade of the Peninsula. The request never materialized. O'Keeffe lived in Wisconsin with his aunt and attended Madison Central High School, then joined his family in Virginia in 1903. He finished high school as a boarder at the Chatham Episcopal Institute in Virginia (now Chatham Hall) and graduated in 1905. members of student of Kappa Delta.
As he taught and headed the art department at West Texas State Normal College, his youngest brother, Claudia, lived with him at the request of his mother to watch him while studying at school. In 1917 he visited his brother, Alexis, in a military camp in Texas before he was sent to Europe during World War I. While there he created the painting, The Flag, which expressed anxiety and his depression of war.
Maps Georgia O'Keeffe
Careers
Education and career start
O'Keeffe studied and ranked above his class at Chicago Art Institute School 1905-1906, studying with John Vanderpoel. Because of typhoid fever, he had to take a year off from his education. In 1907, he attended the Art Students League in New York City, where he studied under William Merritt Chase, Kenyon Cox, and F. Luis Mora. In 1908, he won the lifetime prize of William Merritt Chase for his oil painting of the Dead Rabbit with the Copper Pot . The prize is a scholarship to attend summer school out of school in Lake George, New York. While in town, O'Keeffe visited the gallery, like 291, shared jointly by her future husband, photographer Alfred Stieglitz. The Gallery promotes the work of avant-garde artists from the United States and Europe as well as photographers.
In 1908, O'Keeffe discovered that he would not be able to finance his studies. His father went bankrupt and his mother was severely ill with tuberculosis. He is also not interested in creating a career as a painter based on the mimetic tradition that has formed the basis of his art training. He took a job in Chicago as a commercial artist and worked there until 1910, when he returned to Virginia to recover from a measles case and then moved with his family to Charlottesville. He did not paint for four years, and said that the smell of turpentine made him sick. He began teaching art in 1911. One of his positions was his former school, Chatham Episcopal Institute in Virginia.
He took a summer art class in 1912 at the University of Virginia from Alon Bement, who is a lecturer at the Columbia University Faculty. Under Bement, he learned about Arthur Wesley Dow's innovative ideas, a fellow instructor. Dow's approach is influenced by Japanese art principles of design and composition. He began experimenting with abstract compositions and developing a personal style that veered away from realism. He took classes at the University of Virginia for two more summers. He also took classes in the spring of 1914 at Teachers College of Columbia University with Dow, which further influenced his thinking about the art-making process. His studies at the University of Virginia, based on the principles of Dow, were crucial in the development of O'Keeffe as an artist. Through his exploration and growth as an artist, he helped shape the movement of American modernism. In November 2016, the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum recognized the importance of his time in Charlottesville by dedicating an exhibit, using watercolors he had created for three summers. It was entitled, O'Keeffe at the University of Virginia, 1912-1914.
From 1912 to 1914, he taught art at public schools in Amarillo in Texas Panhandle. During the summer, she is an assistant instructor to Bement.
He taught at Columbia College, Columbia, South Carolina in late 1915, where he completed a series of highly innovative charcoal abstractions, based on his personal sensations. The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum says that he was one of the first American artists to practice pure abstraction. O'Keeffe sent a picture to a friend and former classmate of Teachers College, Anita Pollitzer, who took them to Alfred Stieglitz in the gallery 291 early in 1916. Stieglitz found them as "the purest, the best, sincere things that have entered 291 for a long time ", and says that he wants to show them. In early 1916, O'Keeffe was in New York at Teachers College, Columbia University. In April of that year, Stieglitz exhibited ten pictures at 291 .
After further work at Columbia in early 1916 and teaching the summer to Bement, he was the head of the art department that began in the fall of 1916 at West Texas State Normal College, in Canyon. He started a series of watercolor paintings based on scenery and vast views during his journey, including the life paintings he made from Palo Duro Canyon. O'Keeffe, who enjoys sunrise and sunset, develops a passion for intense and nocturnal colors. Built on a practice, he began in South Carolina, O'Keeffe painting to express his most personal feelings and feelings. Instead of sketching designs before painting, he freely makes designs. O'Keeffe continues to experiment until he believes he really captures his feelings in watercolor, Light Coming on the Plains no. I (1917). He "captured the monumental landscape in this simple configuration, combining the blue and green pigments in an almost obscure tonal graduation that simulates the effects of the pulsing light on the Texas Panhandle horizon," according to author Sharyn Rohlfsen Udall.
New York
Stieglitz, nearly a quarter of a century older than O'Keeffe, provided financial support and arranged his residence and place to paint in New York in 1918. They developed a close personal relationship and he promoted his work. He began to recognize many early American modernists who were part of the Stieglitz artist circle, including Charles Demuth, Arthur Dove, Marsden Hartley, John Marin, Paul Strand, and Edward Steichen. Strand photography, as well as photographs of Stieglitz and many of his photography friends, inspired O'Keeffe's work. Also around this time, O'Keeffe got sick during the 1918 flu pandemic.
O'Keeffe began to create simplified images of natural things, such as leaves, flowers, and stones. Inspired by Precisionism, The Green Apple , completed in 1922, describes his idea of ​​a simple and meaningful life. O'Keeffe said that year, "only by selection, by elimination, and with emphasis that we get the true meaning of things." Blue and Green Music expresses O'Keeffe's feelings about music through the visual arts, using bold and subtle colors.
O'Keeffe, best known for his portrayal of flowers, made about 200 floral paintings, which in the mid-1920s were a large-scale depiction of flowers, as if seen through a magnifying lens, such as Oriental Poppies > and some paintings Red Canna . He painted his first large-scale flower painting, Petunia, No. 2 , in 1924 which was first exhibited in 1925. Making drawings of enlarged objects gives a sense of admiration and emotional intensity. On November 20, 2014, O'Keeffe's Jimson Weed (1932) sold for $ 44,405,000, more than three previous world record auctions for any female artist.
Jobs such as Black Iris III (1926) evoke a veiled representation of female genitals while also accurately depicting the center of the iris. O'Keeffe has consistently denied the validity of the Freudian interpretation of his art.
After moving to 30th floor apartment at Shelton Hotel in 1925, O'Keeffe started a series of paintings of skyscrapers and the city skyline. One of his most famous works, which shows his expertise in describing buildings in Precision style, is Radiator Building - Night, New York . Another example of New York Street with Moon (1925), Shelton with Sunspots, N.Y. (1926), and City Night (1926). He made a view of the city, East River from the Thirty Tale of the Shelton Hotel in 1928, a grim painting of his view of the East River and the smoke factories in Queens. The following year he made his ceiling paintings and skyscrapers in New York City and went to New Mexico, which was a source of inspiration for his work.
In 1924, Stieglitz arranged a simultaneous exhibition of O'Keeffe's artwork and photographs at the Anderson Gallery and organized other major exhibitions. The Brooklyn Museum held a retrospection of his work in 1927. In 1928, he announced to the press that six calla lily paintings were sold to anonymous buyers in France for US $ 25,000, but there was no evidence that these transactions took place as Stieglitz reported. However, due to the press, O'Keeffe's paintings were sold at a price higher than that point forward. Toward the end of the twenties, he was known for his work as an American artist, especially for the paintings of New York city skyscrapers and paintings of close flowers.
Taos
O'Keeffe went to New Mexico in 1929 with his friend Rebecca Strand and lives in Taos at Mabel Dodge Luhan's house, which provides women with studios. O'Keeffe went on many packs, exploring the rugged mountains and deserts of the region in the summer and then visiting nearby DH Lawrence Ranch, where he completed his now famous oil painting, The Lawrence Tree, owned by Wadsworth Athenaeum in Hartford, Connecticut. O'Keeffe visited and painted the Mission Church of San Francisco de Asis nearby in Ranchos de Taos. He made several paintings in the church, as well as many artists, and his paintings from a fragment whose silhouette against the sky captured him from a unique perspective.
New Mexico and New York
O'Keeffe then spent most of almost every year working in New Mexico. He collected stones and bones from the desert floor and made them and the distinctive architectural and landscape forms of the subject areas in his work. Known as a loner, O'Keeffe explored the land he loved most in his Model A Ford, which he bought and learned to ride in 1929. He often talked about his likes at Ghost Ranch and Northern New Mexico, as in 1943, when he explained: "A beautiful and untouched lonely feeling place, a very nice part of what I call 'Faraway' This is the place I've painted before... even now I have to do it again."
Due to fatigue and poor health, he did not work from late 1932 until about the mid-1930s. He is a popular and famous artist. He received a number of commissions and his work exhibited in New York and other places. In 1936, he completed what would become one of his most famous paintings, Summer Days, in 1936. It depicts a desert scene with a deer skull with live wildflowers. Resembling Ram's Head with Hollyhock , it depicts a skull floating above the horizon.
In 1938, advertising agency N. W. Ayer & amp; Son approached O'Keeffe about creating two paintings for the Hawaiian Pineapple Company (now Dole Food Company) for use in their ads. Other artists who produce Hawaiian paintings for the Hawaiian Pineapple Company ads include Lloyd Sexton, Jr., Millard Sheets, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Isamu Noguchi, and Miguel Covarrubias. The offer comes at a critical moment in O'Keeffe's life: he's 51 years old, and his career seems to be stalling (critics call his focus on New Mexico limited, and branding his desert image of "a kind of mass production"). He arrived in Honolulu on 8 February 1939 on board the SS Lurline , and spent nine weeks on Oahu, Maui, Kauai, and the island of Hawaii. By far, the most productive and lively period is in Maui, where it is given full freedom to explore and paint. He painted flowers, landscapes, and hooks of traditional Hawaiian fish. Back in New York, O'Keeffe completed a series of 20 sensual and green paintings. However, he did not paint the requested pineapple until the Hawaiian Pineapple Company sent the plant to his studio in New York.
During the 1940s O'Keeffe had two one-woman retrospective, first at the Art Institute of Chicago (1943). The second was in 1946, when she was the first female artist to have a retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in Manhattan. The Whitney Museum of American Art began an attempt to create its first catalog of work in the mid-1940s.
In the 1940s, O'Keeffe made a series of extensive paintings of what was called the "Black Spot", about 150 miles west of his Animal Husband's house. O'Keeffe says that Black Place resembles "a mile elephant with gray hills and white sand at their feet." He made a painting of "White Place", a white rock formation located near his AbiquiÃÆ'º home.
AbiquiÃÆ'º
In 1946 he began to create the architectural form of his AbiquiÃÆ'º home - the terrace of walls and doors - a subject in his work. Another distinctive painting is Ladder to the Moon, 1958. O'Keeffe produced a series of cloud-like art, such as Sky above the Cloud in the mid-1960s inspired by his view of the plane's window.
The Worcester Art Museum held a retrospective of his work in 1960 and ten years later, the Whitney Museum of American Art climbed on the Georgia O'Keeffe Retrospective Exhibition .
In 1972, O'Keeffe lost a lot of sight because of macular degeneration, leaving it with only edge vision. He stopped the oil painting unaided in 1972. In the 1970s, he made a series of works in watercolors. His autobiography, Georgia O'Keeffe , published in 1976 was the best seller.
Judy Chicago gave O'Keeffe a prominent place in his Dinner Party (1979) in recognition of what many prominent feminist artists consider the introduction of sensual and feminist innovations in his art. Although feminists celebrate O'Keeffe as the founder of "women's iconography", O'Keeffe refuses to join the feminist art movement or cooperate with all women's projects. She dislikes being called a "female artist" and wants to be considered an "artist".
He continued to work with pencils and charcoal until 1984.
Awards and honor
O'Keeffe was elected to the American Academy of Art and Literature and in 1966 was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Among his honors and honors, O'Keeffe received the M. Carey Thomas Award at Bryn Mawr College in 1971 and two years later received an honorary degree from Harvard University.
In 1977, President Gerald Ford presented O'Keeffe with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest award given to American civilians. In 1985, he was awarded the National Art Medal by President Ronald Reagan. In 1993, he was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.
Personal life and death
In June 1918, O'Keeffe accepted Stieglitz's invitation to move to New York and receive financial support. Stieglitz, who married, moved with him in July.
In February 1921, Stieglitz's photographs of O'Keeffe were included in a retrospective exhibition at the Anderson Gallery. Stieglitz began photographing O'Keeffe when he visited him in New York City to see the 1917 exhibition, and continued to take photos, many of them naked. It creates a public sensation. When he retired from photography in 1937, he has made over 350 portraits of himself. In 1978, he wrote about how far he has become, "When I look at the pictures that Stieglitz took from me - some of them over sixty years ago - I wonder who that person is. my life has lived a lot of life. "
In 1924, Stieglitz divorced from his wife Emmeline, and he married O'Keeffe. For the rest of their lives together, their relationship was, "collusion... the system of agreements and exchanges, secretly approved and executed, for the most part, without exchange of word.Once prefer to avoid confrontation on most issues, O'Keeffe is the main agent collusion in their union, "according to Benita Eisler's biography.
They mainly live in New York City, but spend their summers at their family home, Oaklawn, in Lake George in New York.
In 1928, Stieglitz had an affair with Dorothy Norman and O'Keeffe lost the project to make a mural for Radio City Music Hall. She was later hospitalized for depression. O'Keeffe began spending the summer painting in New Mexico in 1929. He traveled by train with his friend Rebecca Strand to Taos, where Mabel Dodge Luhan moved them to his home and gave them a studio.
In 1933, O'Keeffe was hospitalized for two months after a nervous breakdown, largely because he was saddened by Stieglitz's ongoing affair with Dorothy Norman. He did not paint again until January 1934. In early 1933 and 1934, O'Keeffe recovered in Bermuda, and he returned to New Mexico in mid-1934. In August of that year, he visited Ghost Ranch, north of AbiquiÃÆ'º, for the first time and decided to live there immediately; in 1940, he moved into a house on a farm property. The diverse cliffs at Ghost Ranch inspired some of his most famous landscapes. In 1977, O'Keeffe wrote: "The cliffs there are almost painted for you - you think - until you try to paint them." Among the guests to visit him on the ranch for many years were Charles and Anne Lindbergh, singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, poet Allen Ginsberg, and photographer Ansel Adams. He travels and camps on "Black Place" often with his friend, Maria Chabot, and then with Eliot Porter.
In 1945, O'Keeffe bought a second home, an abandoned hacienda in AbiquiÃÆ'º, which he renovated into a home and studio. Shortly after O'Keeffe arrived for summer in New Mexico in 1946, Stieglitz suffered from cerebral thrombosis. He immediately flew to New York to be with him. He died on July 13, 1946. He buried his ashes in Lake George. He spent the next three years in New York finishing his land, and moved permanently to New Mexico in 1949, spending time at both Ghost Ranch and AbiquiÃÆ'º home he made in his studio.
Todd Webb, a photographer he met in the 1940s, moved to New Mexico in 1961. He often made photographs of himself, as did many other important American photographers, who consistently presented O'Keeffe as a "loner, a figure which is severe and self-making. "While O'Keeffe is known to have" thorny personalities ", Webb's photographs depict him with a kind of" serenity and calmness "that shows a casual friendship, and uncover the new contours of O'Keeffe's character.
O'Keeffe enjoys traveling to Europe, and then to the rest of the world, beginning in the 1950s. Several times he made a rafting trip down the Colorado River, including a trip down the Glen Canyon, Utah, in 1961 with Webb and photographer Eliot Porter.
In 1973, he hired 27-year-old John Bruce (Juan) Hamilton, a potter, as a live-in assistant and then a caretaker. Hamilton taught O'Keeffe to work with clay and helped him write his autobiography. He worked for him for 13 years. O'Keeffe became weaker in the late 90's. He moved to Santa Fe in 1984, where he died on March 6, 1986 at the age of 98. His body was cremated and his ashes scattered, as he wanted, on the ground around Ghost Ranch.
After O'Keeffe's death, his family fought over his will because codicils made in the 1980s had left most of his 76 million dollar real estate to Hamilton. The case was finally settled out of court in July 1987. The case became well-known as a precedent in housing planning.
Legacy
O'Keeffe is a legend that began in the 1920s, known as the independent soul and female role models, such as dramatic and innovative works of art. Nancy and Jules Heller said, "The most remarkable thing about O'Keefe is the courage and uniqueness of the original work." At that time, even in Europe, there was little art of exploring abstraction. Although his works may show elements of different modernist movements, such as Surrealism and Precisionism, his work is uniquely his own style. She received an unprecedented acceptance as a female artist from the art world for her strong graphic image and within a decade of moving to New York City, she is the highest paid female American artist. He is known for his distinctive style in all aspects of his life. O'Keeffe is also known for his relationship with Stieglitz, where he provides some insight in his autobiography.
Most of its real estate assets were transferred to Georgia O'Keeffe Foundation, a nonprofit. The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum opened in Santa Fe in 1997. Its assets include a large number of his work, photos, archives, and AbiquiÃÆ'º homes, libraries, and properties. Georgia O'Keeffe Home and Studio in AbiquiÃÆ'º was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1998 and is now owned by Georgia O'Keeffe Museum.
In 1996, the US Postal Service issued a 32 cents stamp in honor of O'Keeffe. In 2013, at the 100th anniversary of the Armory Show, USPS issued a stamp featuring O'Keeffe's Black Mesa Landscape, New Mexico/Out Back of Marie's II, 1930 as part of their American Art Series.
The fossil species of the archosaur were named Effigia okeeffeae ("O'Keeffe's Ghost") in January 2006, "in honor of Georgia O'Keeffe for his many paintings of badlands at Ghost Ranch and his interest in Coelophysis Quarry when found ".
O'Keeffe holds the record ($ 44.4 million in 2014) with the highest price paid for a painting by a woman.
Publications
- O'Keeffe, Georgia (1976). Georgia O'Keeffe . New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-33710-1.
- O'Keeffe, Georgia (1988). Some Images Memories . Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN: 978-0-8263-1113-9. Ã,
- Giboire, Clive, ed. (1990). Loving, Georgia: Complete Correspondence Georgia O'Keeffe & amp; Anita Pollitzer . New York: Simon & amp; Schuster. ISBN: 978-0-671-69236-0. Ã,
- Greenough, Sarah, ed. (2011). My Faraway One: Selected Letters from Georgia O'Keeffe and Alfred Stieglitz . Volume One, 1915-1933 (Dianotasi ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16630-9. Ã,
- Buhler Lynes, Barbara (2012). Georgia O'Keeffe and his Home: Ghost Ranch and Abiquiu . Harry N. Abrams. ISBN: 9781419703942.
Popular culture
In 1991, PBS aired the production of the American Playhouse A Marriage: Georgia O'Keeffe and Alfred Stieglitz , starring Jane Alexander as O'Keeffe and Christopher Plummer as Alfred Stieglitz.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments