Graffiti (plural of graffito : "a graffito", but "graffiti") is writing or drawing that has been crossed out, scratched or painted, usually invalid, on the wall or other surfaces, often in public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to intricate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples from Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire.
In modern times, paints (especially spray paint) and markers have become the most commonly used graffiti material. In most countries, marking or painting property without the property owner's permission is considered as vandalism and destruction, which is a punishable crime.
Graffiti can also reveal the underlying social and political messages and the whole genre of artistic expression based on the style of spray paint graffiti. In hip hop culture, graffiti has evolved alongside hip hop, b-boying, and other elements. Unrelated to hip-hop graffiti, gangs use their own graffiti form to mark territory or to function as an indicator of gang-related activities.
The controversy surrounding graffiti continues to create disagreements among city officials, law enforcers, and writers who want to show and appreciate working in public locations. There are many types and styles of graffiti; this is a rapidly growing art form whose value is highly contested and reviled by many authorities while also subject to protection, sometimes in the same jurisdiction.
Video Graffiti
Etymology
Both graffiti and occasional singular "graffito" are derived from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). "Graffiti" is applied in art history to the artwork produced by scraping the design to the surface. The related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through a layer of pigment to reveal another one underneath. This technique is mainly used by pottery that will coat their stuff and then scratch the design into it. In ancient times graffiti was carved on walls with sharp objects, though sometimes lime or coal was used. The word comes from the Greek ??????? - graphein - meaning "write".
Maps Graffiti
History
The term graffiti refers to inscriptions, drawings, and the like, found on the walls of ancient tombs or ruins, such as the Catacombs of Rome or in Pompeii. The use of words has evolved to include any graph that is applied to the surface in a way that is vandalism.
The only known Safawi language source, a proto-Arab form, comes from graffiti: inscriptions scratched onto stone surfaces and rocks in the desert south of Syria, east Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Date safaitic from 1st century BC to fourth century AD.
Modern-style graffiti
The first known example of graffiti "modern style" survives in the ancient Greek city of Ephesus (in modern Turkey). The local guide said it was an advertisement for prostitution. Located near mosaic and stone roads, graffiti shows handprints that vaguely resemble the heart, along with footprints, figures, and carved images of female heads. It is believed to indicate that a brothel is nearby, with fingerprints representing payments.
The ancient Romans carved graffiti on walls and monuments, examples that also survived in Egypt. Graffiti in the classical world has a different connotation than they carry in today's society of content. Ancient graffiti displayed the phrases of love declarations, political rhetoric, and simple words of thought, compared to the current popular message about social and political ideals. Vesuvius eruption preserved graffiti in Pompeii, which includes the Latin curse, magic spells, love declarations, the alphabet, political slogans, and famous literary quotations, giving insight into the life of ancient Roman streets. One inscription gives the address of a woman named Novellia Primigenia from Nuceria, a prostitute, apparently very beautiful, whose services are in great demand. Others show phalluses accompanied by text, mansueta tene ("handle correctly").
A disappointed love also found its way to the wall in ancient times:
Ancient tourists visited the 5th century fort at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka writing over 1800 individual graffiti there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Engraved on the surface of the Mirror Wall, they contain pieces of prose, poetry, and commentary. The majority of these visitors seem to come from among the elite of society: nobles, officials, professions, and priests. There are also soldiers, archers, and even some metal craftsmen. Topics ranged from love to satire, curse, wit, and lamentation. Many have shown a very high literacy rate and a deep appreciation of art and poetry. Most of the graffiti refers to the semi-naked female frescoes found there. One reads:
Among the examples of ancient political graffiti is Arab satirist poetry. Yazid al-Himyari, an Arab and Persian Umayyad poet, best known for writing his political poetry on the wall between Sajistan and Basra, manifests a strong hatred of the Umayyad regime and its guardians, and people use to read and circulate it very large.
Literacy or illiteracy is often revealed in graffiti
The forms of historic graffiti have helped to gain an understanding into the lifestyle and cultural language of the past. The errors in spelling and grammar in this graffiti offer insight into the level of literacy in Roman times and provide clues to the spoken Latin pronunciation. Examples are CIL IV, 7838: Vettium Firmum/aed [ilem] quactiliar [ii] [ sic ] < i> rog [ant]. Here, "qu" is pronounced "co". 83 pieces of graffiti found at CIL IV, 4706-85 are evidence of reading and writing at a community level where literacy may not be expected. Graffiti appeared on the peristyle being renovated at the time of the Vesuvius eruption by architect Crescens. Graffiti abandoned by the foreman and his worker. The brothels at CIL VII, 12, 18-20 contain more than 120 pieces of graffiti, some of which are the work of prostitutes and their clients. Gladiatorial Academy at CIL IV, 4397 is written with graffiti left by Celadus Crescens gladiator Suspirium puellarum Celadus thraex: "Celadus the Thracian makes the girls sigh.")
Another piece of Pompeii, written on the wall of the shop about the owners of the establishment and the wine is doubtful:
Not only the Greeks and Romans who produced graffiti: the Mayan site of Tikal in Guatemala contains examples of ancient Mayan graffiti. Graffiti Vikings survived in Rome and at Newgrange Mound in Ireland, and a Varangian scratched his name (Halvdan) in the rune at the banister at Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. These early forms of graffiti have contributed to the understanding of lifestyles and cultural languages ​​of the past.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, is often scratched on the walls of Scandinavian churches of Romanesia. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descend to the ruins of Nero Domus Aurea, they carve or paint their names and return to start the grottesche decorating style.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, the French soldiers carved their name on the monument during the Egyptian Napoleon's campaign in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives in one of the columns at the Poseidon Temple at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
- Ancient graffiti
Contemporary graphics
Graffiti writing is often seen as having become intertwined with the hip hop culture and myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti. However, there are many other examples of famous graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti has long appeared on the walls of buildings, in latrines, train train cars, subways, and bridges. The example with the longest known history, since the 1920s and continuing to this day, is Bozo Texino.
Some graffiti has its own sharpness. In World War II, an inscription on the wall at Verdun's castle was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in one generation to the mistakes of the Old World:
During World War II and for several decades thereafter, the phrase "Kilroy is here" with accompanying illustrations is widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began to appear around New York with the words "Bird Lives". Student protests and general strikes of May 1968 saw Paris scattering in revolutionary, anarchist, and situational slogans such as L'ennui est contre-rà © Å © volutionnaire ("Boredom is counter-revolutionary") expressed in graffiti painted, poster art, and stencil art. While in the US, other political phrases (such as "Hushy Free" about Black Panther Huey Newton) became popular briefly as graffiti in restricted areas, only to be forgotten. The popular graffito of the early 1970s was "Dick Nixon Before He Dicks You", reflecting the animosity of youth culture to the US president.
- graffiti World War II
The appearance of aerosol paint
Rock and roll graffiti is a significant subgenre. A famous graffito of the 20th century is an inscription in the tube reading in London "Clapton is God" in relation to guitarist Eric Clapton. The phrase was described by an admirer on the wall at an Islington station in the Underground in the fall of 1967. The graffito was taken in a photograph, in which a dog was peeing on the wall.
Graffiti has also become associated with the anti-establishment punk rock movement that began in the 1970s. Bands like Black Flag and Crass (and their followers) broadly list their names and logos, while many punk nightclubs, squats, and hangouts are notorious for their graffiti. In the late 1980s the reversed Martini glass which was the tag for the Missing Foundation punk band was the most graffito found in Manhattan, and was copied by hard core punk enthusiasts throughout the United States and West Germany.
Along the same lines is the legend of "Frodo Lives," referring to the protagonist of The Lord of the Rings.
- Graphics graffiti spray
The spread of hip hop culture
In 1979, graffiti artist Lee Quinones and Fab 5 Freddy were given a gallery opening in Rome by art dealer Claudio Bruni. For many people outside New York, this is their first encounter with their art form. Fab 5 Freddy's friendship with Debbie Harry influenced Blondie's single "Rapture" (Chrysalis, 1981), a video featuring Jean-Michel Basquiat, and offered their first glimpse of the portrayal of graffiti elements in hip hop culture. JaJaJa toured Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands with a large graffiti canvas in the background. Charlie Ahearn's independent fiction film released by Wild Style (Wild Style, 1983), early PBS documentary Gaya Wars (1983), hit songs such as "The Message" and "Planet Rock "and the accompanying music video (both of 1982) contribute to the growing interest outside New York in all aspects of hip hop.
Wars Style not only depicts famous graffiti artists like Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR, but also reinforces the role of graffiti in New York's hip-hop culture that comes by combining well-known break-dance groups such as Rock Steady Crew into the movie and display the rap on the soundtrack. Although many officers from the New York City Police Department found the film to be controversial, Gaya Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on in the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983. Hollywood also noticed, consulted authors such as PHASE 2 for portraying the culture and giving it international exposure in movies such as Beat Street (Orion, 1984).
Graffiti stencils appear
This period also saw the emergence of new stencil graffiti genres. Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by graffiti artist Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); in 1985 stencils have appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they are documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis.
- graffiti Stencils
Graffiti as a warning
People often leave their marks on wet or concrete cement. This type of graffito often commemorates the reciprocal commitment of a spouse, or simply notes the presence of a person at any given moment. Often this kind of graffito is old-fashioned and left untouched for decades, offering a view into local historic matters.
Commercialization and into mainstream pop culture
With the popularity and legitimacy of graffiti has reached the level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco that involved painting paintings on sidewalks of peace symbols, hearts and penguins (the Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." Because the law prohibits it, some "street artists" are arrested and charged with vandalism, and IBM is fined more than US $ 120,000 for compensation and cleaning fees.
In 2005, a similar advertising campaign was launched by Sony and implemented by TATS CRU in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking into account the legal issues of the IBM campaign, Sony pays the building owners to paint rights in their building "a collection of urban kids who are dizzy playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, rowing, or rocking horse".
Cultural gamers
Along with the commercial growth has emerged the emergence of video games also depicts graffiti, usually in a positive aspect - for example, the series Jet Set Radio (2000-2003) tells the story of a group of teenagers fighting the oppression of totalitarian police forces who try to limit freedom of speech the graffiti artists. In plotlines reflects the negative reaction of non-commercial artists towards the commercialization of art forms by companies such as IBM (and, later, Sony itself) series Rakugaki? Koku (2003-2005) for Sony PlayStation 2 revolves around an anonymous hero and his magical graffiti creations that are filled with magic as they battle the evil king who only allows art to be produced that can benefit him. Following the original roots of modern graffiti as a political force comes another game title, Marc Eck? Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure (2006), featuring a storyline that involves fighting against corrupt cities and the suppression of free speech, as in the series Jet Set Radio .
Other games featuring graffiti include Bomb the World (2004), an online graffiti simulation created by Klark Kent's graffiti artist where users can paint trains in nearly 20 locations around the world, and Super Mario Sunshine (2002), where hero, Mario had to clean up the graffiti city left behind by criminals, Bowser Jr. on the plotline that evoked the success of the New York Mayor Anti-Graffiti Task Force Rudolph Giuliani (manifestation of "broken window theory") or "Bluster Graffiti" Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley.
Many other non-graffiti-video games allow gamers to produce graffiti (such as the Half-Life series, Tony Hawk series , The Urbz: Sims in the City < â € <â € , Rotate , and Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas ). Counter-Strike , which is a Half-Life mode, allows users to create their own graffiti tags for use in games. Many other titles contain graffiti depiction in the game, including The Darkness , Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone , NetHack Sidetracked , The World Ends With You , The Warriors , Just Cause , Portal Virtual Graffiti. There are also games in which the term "graffiti" is used as a synonym for "drawing" (like Yahoo! Graffiti , Graffiti , etc.). Advocate
Marc Ecko, an urban clothing designer, has been a graffiti advocate as an art form during this period, stating that "Unquestionable graffiti is the most powerful art movement in history and has been the driving inspiration of my entire career."
Henry Chalfant is one of the main proponents of modern graffiti, after producing the Gaya Wars documentary film and co-authoring the Underground Arts and Spray Can Art books. His latest work, Graffiti Archive Henry Chalfant: New York City Art and Art features over 800 photographs of New York City Graphic Arts.
Keith Haring is another famous graffiti artist who brings Pop Art and graffiti to the commercial mainstream. In the 1980s, Haring opened his first Pop Shop: a shop that offered everyone access to his works, which until then could only be found painted spray on the city walls. Pop Shop offers commodities such as bags and t-shirts. Haring explains that "Pop Stores make my work accessible.This is about participation at a huge level, the point is that we do not want to produce things that will underestimate the art." In other words, this is still an art as a statement. "
Graffiti has been a common springboard for many members of the arts and design community in North America and abroad. In United States graffiti artists like Mike Giant, Pursue, Rime, Noah, and many others have made careers in skateboarding, clothing, and shoe design for companies like DC Shoes, Adidas, Rebel8, Osiris, or Circa Meanwhile, there are many others such as DZINE, Daze, Blade, and The Mac who have turned to gallery artists, often not even using their initial medium, spray paint.
But perhaps the greatest example of graffiti artists who infiltrated into mainstream pop culture was the French crew. Founded as a graffiti crew in 1989 by Scien and Klor, 123Klan gradually transformed their hands into illustrations and designs while retaining their graffiti practices and style. Thus they have designed and produced logos and illustrations, shoes, and fashions for the likes of Nike, Adidas, Lamborghini, Coca Cola, Stussy, Sony, Nasdaq, and more.
Global developments
South America
There is a significant graffiti tradition in South America, especially in Brazil. In Brazil, SÃÆ' Â £ o Paulo is an important inspiration center for many graffiti artists around the world.
Tristan Manco writes that Brazil "offers a unique and very rich graffiti scene... [produces] international reputation as a place to gain artistic inspiration." Graffiti "develops in every possible space in Brazilian cities." Artistic parallels "are often drawn between today's SÃÆ'ÂÂ o Paulo energy and the 1970s New York." "The vast metropolitan city," from SÃÆ'Â £ Paulo has "become a new temple for graffiti;" Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the nation's marginalized peoples," and "Brazil's chronic poverty," as the main engine that "has sparked a vibrant graffiti culture." In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distribution of income." Laws and taxes often change. Factors like that, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, divided up with economic divisions and social tensions that sustain and feed "folkloric vandalism and urban sport for those who lose their rights," that is art graffiti of South America.
Famous Brazilian graffiti artists include Os GÃÆ'ªmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design efforts have highlighted the division within the Brazilian graffiti community between the roughly transgressive transitionalist and the more conventional artistic values ​​of the graphite practitioners .
Middle East
Graffiti in the Middle East is slowly popping up, with shoot-pockets operating in various 'emirates' of the United Arab Emirates, in Israel, and in Iran. The main Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles about illegal authors in the city with photographic photographs of Iranian A1one artists on the walls of Tehran. The Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag , has interviewed A1one and displays photographs of his work. The West Bank barrier of Israel has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent of the notion of the Berlin Wall. Many graffiti artists in Israel come from elsewhere around the world, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. Religious Reference "? ???????????" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is generally seen in graffiti around Israel.
Southeast Asia
There is also a great deal of graffiti influence in Southeast Asian countries that mostly comes from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti has long been a common sight in the Malaysian capital Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has started to hold street festivals to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
- Graffiti around the world
Characteristics of common graffiti
Method and production
Modern-day graffiti artists can be found with a warehouse of various materials that enable successful piece production. This includes techniques such as crossing out. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. Of these commodities come a variety of styles, techniques, and the ability to form master graffiti works. Spray paint can be found in hardware and art stores and is present in almost every color.
Graffiti stencils, originating in the early 1980s (Blek le Rat, Jef Aerosol, Speedy Graphito, Miss Tic...) are made by cutting shapes and designs in rigid materials (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form the overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with a quick and easy aerosol movement, the image begins to appear on the intended surface. This graffiti method is popular among artists because of its fast technique which takes only a little time. Time has always been a factor with graffiti artists because the threat is constantly being caught by law enforcement.
- Graffiti creation
Modern experiments
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional art and technology. For example, the Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffiti artists. Yarnbombing is another form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally targeted the previous graffiti for modification, which has been avoided among most graffiti artists.
Tagging
Some of the most common graffiti styles have their own names. The tag is the most basic article of the artist's name; it is just a handstyle. The graffiti writer's tag is a personalized signature. Tagging is often a given example when graffiti opponents refer to the act of writing graffiti handstyle (by far the most common form of graffiti). Tags may contain subtle and sometimes cryptic messages, and may include the artist's initials or other mail.
One form of tagging, known as urine , involves the retrieval of fire extinguishers and replacing the contents with paint, allowing for tag height of about 20 feet (6.1 m). Directing and storing handstyle steadily in the form of labeling is extremely difficult, usually outgoing and sloppy.
Another form is vomit , also known as bombing , which is usually painted very quickly with two or three colors, sacrificing aesthetics for speed. The throw can also be outlined on the surface with one color. A section is a more elaborate representation of the artist's name, incorporating more stylish letters, typically combining a much larger color range. This is more time consuming and increases the chance of the artist being caught. A blockbuster or roller is a large piece, almost always done in a block-shaped style, done just to cover a large area firmly with two contrasting colors, sometimes with overall purpose blocking other authors from painting on the same wall. This is usually done with an extended paint roller and a gallon of cheap exterior paints.
A more complex style is wildstyle , a form of graffiti that usually involves interlocked letters and connecting points. These pieces are often more difficult to read by non-graffiti artists because the letters merge into each other in a way that is often inexplicable.
Some artists also use self-adhesive stickers as a quick way to catch up. While certain critics from within the graffiti culture consider this lazy, stickers can be very detailed in their own right and often, used in conjunction with other materials. The sticker tags are generally executed on empty postage stickers, as these can be easily obtained at no cost in the author's section.
Many graffiti artists believe that performing complicated pieces involves too much time investment to justify the practice. Doing a piece can take (depending on experience and size) from 30 minutes to months, as is the case for Saber MSK while working on the world's largest graffiti cut on the LA river.
Another graffiti artist can skip it in minutes with a simple throw. This is exemplified by the author of "CAP" in the documentary Wars Style , which, other authors complain, ruins pieces with a quick throw. This is known as capping and is often done when there is "beef", or conflicts between authors.
A number of recent graffiti examples use hashtags.
Usage
The theory of the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists has historically derived from at least the Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism in 1961.
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see the artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a public art form. According to many art researchers, especially in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, this type of public art is actually an effective means of social emancipation or, in the pursuit of political goals.
Mural from Belfast and Los Angeles offers another example of official recognition. In times of conflict, such mural has offered a means of communication and self-expression to these socially, ethnically or racially community members, and has proven themselves as an effective tool in building dialogue and thereby, dealing with disunity over the long term. The Berlin Wall is also widely covered by graffiti that reflects the social pressures associated with the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with similar stencil activity. Basically, this requires one or more color print stencils using spray paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing some colored stencils and his paintings depicting the Civil War of Sri Lanka and urban England in the early 2000s, graffiti artist Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka MIA, also became famous for integrating violent political images into his music video for the single "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and its cover art. His artist stickers also often appear around places like London on Brick Lane, stuck to lampposts and road signs, he has been an inspiration to other graffiti artists and painters around the world in cities including Seville. Graffiti artist John Fekner, called "the caption writer for the urban environment, adman for opposition" by writer Lucy Lippard, engaged in direct artistic intervention in the ruined urban environment of New York City in the mid-1970s to the 1980s. Fekner is famous for the installation of his words targeting social and political issues, imprinted on buildings throughout New York.
Personal expression
Graffiti artists constantly have threats that threaten to face the consequences of displaying their graffiti. Many choose to protect their identity and reputation by remaining anonymous.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in many cases, even with the art of "graffiti" that is legally painted, graffiti artists tend to choose anonymity. This may be due to various reasons or combinations of reasons. Graffiti still remains one of four hip hop elements that are not considered "performing arts" regardless of the image of "singing and dancing stars" that sell hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic art form, it may also be said that many graffiti artists still fall into the category of typically introverted artists.
Banksy is one of the most famous and famous street artists in the world that continues to be faceless in today's society. He is known for his political anti-war stencil art especially in Bristol, England, but his work can be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural art movement and keeps its identity as a secret to avoid capture. Many of Banksy's artworks can be seen around the streets of London and beyond, although he has painted images around the world, including the Middle East, where he paints in the controversial Israeli barrier in the West Bank with pictures of a satirical life on the side other. One depicted a hole in the wall with a beautiful beach, while the others showed a mountain view on the other side. A number of exhibitions have also been taking place since 2000, and the latest artwork has generated huge sums of money. The art of Banksy is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art advocates support his work to be distributed in urban areas as works of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while other county officials have regarded his work as vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to maintain his identity from the general public. His work focuses on aspects of beauty and graffiti design that goes against the value of Banksy's anti-government shocks. His paintings are often floral designs above the shops and shops in his urban area of ​​Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners support their work and encourage others to do similar work. "One part is left over Steve's Kitchen, because it looks amazing" - Erin Scott, manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
- Personal graffiti
- Radical and political
- Political graphics around the world
- Graffiti ads
- A spatial code for example, there may be certain youth groups in areas deeply involved in racist activity. So, for the population (knowing the local code), the graffiti only containing the name or the abbreviation of this gang is already a racist expression, reminding those who are offended from their gang activities. Also the graffiti in most cases, proclaiming more serious criminal activity to come. Someone who does not know the activity of this gang will not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if the tag of this youth group or gang is placed in a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
- Graffiti street art
- Graffiti in Asia
- Graffiti di Eropa
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that revolts against authority, although the considerations of practitioners often diverge and may relate to various attitudes. It can express political practice and can form only one tool in various techniques of resistance. One early example included anarko-punk band Crass, which campaigned on anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerism stencils throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti is a major part of the punk scene. The city is filled with names like "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr. Rat". To document graffiti, a punk magazine begins called Gallery Anus . So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant culture of graffiti.
Student protests and general strikes of May 1968 saw Paris scattering in various revolutionary, anarchist, and situational slogans such as L'ennui est contre-rà © Å © volutionnaire ("Contrarievolution Boredom") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read more, live more"). Though incomplete, graffiti gives a sense of 'milenarian' and rebellious spirit, angered by many verbal intelligences, from strikers.
The development of graffiti art that took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the reappraisal in the 1990s from a much more politicized form of art in subiklan, cultural, or tactical disorder. media movement. These movements or styles tend to classify artists by their relationship to their social and economic context, because, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paints. Since the 1990s, more and more artists have switched to non-permanent paints for various reasons - but mainly because it is difficult for the police to arrest them and the courts to impose a sentence or even punish someone for a fleeting and less intrusive protest than marching on the streets. In some communities, impermanent work lasts longer than permanently painted work because people view the work in the same vein as the civilian protesters who march on the streets - the protest is impermanent, yet effective.
In some areas where some artists share the ideal impermanence, an informal competition develops: the length of time a work escapes destruction is seen as a measure of respect for the work done in society. A rough work that deserves a little respect will always be removed immediately, while the most talented artist may have worked last for days.
Contemporary practitioners, therefore, have diverse and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the media to politicize other art forms, and have used imprisonment imposed on them as a means of further protest. The practice of anonymous groups and individuals also varies greatly, and practitioners do not always agree with each practice. For example, the Space Spatial anti-capitalist arts group did a piece in 2004 about the contradictions between Banksy's capitalistic elements and their use of political imagery.
Above the political aspects of graffiti as a movement, political groups and individuals can also use graffiti as a tool to spread their point of view. This practice, because of its illegality, is generally favored by groups excluded from mainstream politics (eg left-wing or far-right groups) who justify their activity by showing that they have no money - or sometimes wishes - to buy advertising for convey their message, and that the "ruling class" or "establishment" controls the mainstream press, systematically excludes radical and alternative perspectives. This type of graffiti looks rough; as examples of fascist supporters often inventing swastikas and other Nazi images.
One of the graffiti's innovative forms that emerged in Britain in the 1970s was designed by the Money Liberation Front (MLF), essentially a loose affiliate of underground press writers such as poet and screenwriter Heathcote Williams and magazine editor and playwright Jay Jeff Jones. They started the use of paper currency as a counter-propaganda medium, printing out excess banknotes, usually with John Bull's printing sets. Although short-lived, MLF is representative of London Ladbroke Grove centered on alternative communities and literature in that period. This area is also a pretty anti-establishment place and cute street graffiti, many of which are also produced by Williams. In 2009, after the elections in Iran, the protesters (who regard the election results as fraudulent) began to damage paper money with slogans such as "Death to dictator". In Colombia, writing and drawing banknotes has become increasingly popular, whether for making political comments, for fun or as an artistic medium. National governments have run ad campaigns in an effort to prevent such practices. In the UK there are signs of an MLF revival with some outstanding banknotes marked by a protest slogan like "Bank = Robbers", related to the bank's perceived mistakes in the financial crisis.
Both sides of the conflict in Northern Ireland produce political graffiti. As well as slogans, Northern Ireland's political graffiti includes a large wall painting, referred to as mural . Along with raising flags and painted curb stones, murals serve territorial purposes, often associated with gang use. Artists paint them mostly on the roof of the house or on Peace Lines, a high wall separating different communities.
Mural often develops over long periods and tends to stylize, with strong symbolic or iconographic content. Mural Loyalists often refer to historical events that stem from the war between James II and William III in the late seventeenth century, whereas Republican murals usually refer to newer problems.
Territorials mark urban environments with tags and logos to distinguish specific groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a strict view of who's area. The subject of gang-related graffiti consists of faint symbols and initials that are strictly made with unique calligraphy. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and peers and, most commonly, to mark territorial and ideological borders.
As an ad
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRUs have made their own names for legal advertising campaigns for companies like Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Boxfresh from Covent Garden uses a stencil image from a Zapatista revolutionary in the hope that cross references will promote his shop.
Tech Giants Hewlett Packard used Graffiti Kings graffiti company based in London to showcase creative use for their Sprout computer by producing video, as Hewlett Packard video shows many pieces of graffiti art while Graffiti Kings artists use Sprout computers to draw digital graffiti. Smirnoff hires artists to use inverse graffiti (use high-pressure hose to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding soil) to raise awareness of their products. Shepard Fairey rose to prominence after the "Andre the Giant Has a Posse" sticker campaign, where his art was on display in cities across America.
Many graffiti artists see legal ads as nothing more than "paid and legalized graffiti", and have escalated to mainstream advertising. The Graffiti Research Lab crew has targeted several prominent advertisements in New York as a means of making statements against this practice.
Offensive graphics
Graffiti can also be used as an offensive expression. Graffiti forms may be difficult to identify, since most are removed by local authorities (as councils that have adopted criminalization strategies also seek to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, the existing racist graffiti is much more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognizable as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "social codes" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which are seen as heteroglots and thus 'a unique set of conditions' within the cultural context.
Therefore, the lack of clear racist graffiti does not necessarily mean that there is none. By making graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal restrictions), these images tend not to be erased, but do not lose their offensive and offensive characters.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used caricatures painted local officials with their mouths as holes, to show their anger about the bad road conditions. In Manchester, England a graffiti artist portrays lewd images around the hole, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
Decorative and high art
In the early 1980s, the first art gallery featuring graffiti artists to the public was Fashion Moda at the Bronx and Now Gallery in East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum featured graffiti as an art form that began in the New York outskirts and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It featured 22 works by New York graffiti artists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in Time Out magazine, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hopes the exhibit will cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti. Terrance Lindall, an artist and executive director of the Williamsburg Art and Historic Center, said of graffiti and exhibitions:
Graffiti is revolutionary, in my opinion, "he said," and any revolution can be regarded as a crime. People who are bullied or suppressed need an outlet, so they write on the wall - it's free.
From 1970 onward, Burhan Dogancay photographed city walls around the world; this is then archived to be used as a source of inspiration for the works of his artist. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grows even beyond its own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It covers a period of 40 years on five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs of the project consisted of a one-man exhibition entitled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent..." (The walls whisper, scream and sing...) at Center Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have assessed some local graffiti that have sufficient creative abilities to place them in the arts. The text of the art history of the Oxford University Press The Australian Painting 1788-2000 concludes with a long discussion of the prime spots of graffiti in contemporary visual culture, including the work of some Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris - a clear acceptance of the art form into the French art world.
Many graffiti artists have used their design talent in other artistic endeavors. In 2009 the graffiti artist "Scape" published GRAFF; Art & amp; Technique of Graffiti , the first book in the world dedicated to showcasing the full technique of creating graffiti art. Other graffiti-focused books include Faith of Graffiti by Norman Mailer, Trespass by the Taschen press, and comic books by Elite Gudz, Concrete Immortalz >, which has a graffiti artist as its main character.
Statues by KAWS, featuring pop culture icons, often with eyes crossed out, run in limited edition and sell for thousands of dollars. World-renowned street artist Banksy directed the movie in 2010, Out Through a Gift Shop , which explores street art and commercialism.
Environmental effects
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the cans use chlorofluorocarbons or volatile hydrocarbons to spray paint onto the surface. As an alternative, graffiti moss starts catching, which uses moss to create text or images. Moss is glued to the surface with beer, buttermilk, or yogurt combined with sugar.
Government response
Asia
In China, Mao Zedong in 1920 used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to mobilize the country's communist revolution.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti for years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his works are preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made several concessions for graffiti artists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along sections of the river retaining wall in the designated "Zone Graffiti". Beginning in 2007, the Taipei cultural affairs department also began allowing graffiti on the fence around the main general construction site. The head of the Yong-ping Lee department (???) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then in the private sector as well.This is our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government then helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. Graffiti artists caught working outside this designated area still face fines of up to $ 6,000 TWD under one environmental protection regulatory department. However, Taiwan authorities can be soft, a veteran police officer declared anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we will not get involved, we do not do it proactively."
In 1993, after some expensive cars in Singapore were sprayed, police arrested a student from Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and later charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to damaging the car and stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act in Singapore, originally endorsed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S $ 3,500 (US $ 2,233), and a whip. The New York Times contains several editorials and op-eds condemning the punishment and calling on the American public to flood the Singapore embassy in protest. Although the Singapore government received many calls for forgiveness, Fay's whipping punishment took place in Singapore on May 5, 1994. Fay initially received a six-stroke cane punishment, but Singapore's president Ong Teng Cheong agreed to reduce his caning. sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined 2 million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court to paint mice on posters of the G-20 summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleges that the beginning in "G-20" sounds like a word Korean for "rats", but Korean government prosecutors allege that Mr. Park made a derogatory remark about ROK's president, Lee Myung-bak, host of the Summit. This case caused public outrage and debate about the lack of government tolerance and support for freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an unpleasant creature like a mouse" meant "organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for Park prison.
Europe
In Europe, community cleaning teams have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless negligence, such as when in 1992 the French local Scout group, tried to remove modern graffiti, ruined two prehistoric paintings about bison in the MayriÃÆ'¨re Cave supÃÆ'Â © Rieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, gave them the 1992 Nobel Prize Ig in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create an urban environmental policy to prevent and eliminate dirt, garbage, graffiti, animal waste, and excessive noise from domestic music systems and vehicles in European cities, along with other worries over life urban areas.
The 2003 Anti-Social Behavior Act became the latest UK anti-graffiti law. In August 2004, Keep Britain Tidy's campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance for graffiti and endorsing proposals such as issuing "in-place" fines for graffiti agents and banning the sale of aerosol paints to anyone under the age of 16. press releases also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertisements and music videos, arguing that the graffiti experience in the real world stands far from the often-described 'cool' or 'edgy' images.
In support of the campaign, 123 members of parliament (including Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter stating: "Graffiti is not art, it is evil." On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to get rid of our community from this problem. However, since the early 1990s, the scene of British graffiti has been hit by self-titled "artist art" Banksy, who has revolutionized British graffiti style (bringing to stencil forefront to help paint speed), as well as content; making his work largely satire from the city's sociological state, or the political climate of war, often using monkeys and rats as a motive.
In the United Kingdom, the city council has the power to take action against any property owner that has been damaged under the 2003 Anti-social Behavior Act (as amended by the Clean Environment and Environment Act of 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highway of Action. It is often used against property owners who are satisfied in letting protective boards to be damaged as long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, conspiracy fees were used to punish graffiti artists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine DPM crew members were sentenced to conspiracy to commit criminal damage at a cost of at least Ã, Â £ 1 million. Five of them received prison sentences ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of investigations and the severity of the sentence revive the public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, such as Stroud and Loerrach, provide an approved area in the city where graffiti artists can show off their talents, including underpasses, parking lots, and walls that may prove to be the target of 'spray and run'.
Di Budapest, Hungaria, baik gerakan yang didukung kota yang disebut I Love Budapest dan divisi polisi khusus menangani masalah, termasuk penyediaan area yang disetujui.
Australia
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have established a wall or special area for use by graffiti artists. One of the earliest examples is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located on Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, available for use by every university student to mark, advertise, posters, and create "art". Proponents of this idea point out that this hampers minor devastation but encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without the fear of being caught or arrested for vandalism or unauthorized entry. Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls is not proven to reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Several regional governments across Australia have introduced an "anti-graffiti squad", which clears graffiti in the area, and crews like BCW (Buffer Can not Win) have taken steps to go one step ahead of local graffiti cleansers.
Many state governments are banning the sale or ownership of spray paint for those under the age of 18 (majority age). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. A strict new graffiti law has been introduced in Australia with a fine of up to A $ 26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is Australia's leading graffiti city with many tracks to be a tourist attraction, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and the background for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guides cite Melbourne's way as the main attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, posters, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Famous street art areas include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and CBD, where stencils and paintings stand out. As one moves further away from the city, mostly along the suburban rail line, the graffiti tag becomes more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their jobs in Melbourne and at the beginning of 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent Banksy's stencil art from destruction, it has survived since 2003 through the homage of local street artists who avoided posting on it, although Recently there is paint that slips on it.
New Zealand
In February 2008 Helen Clark, New Zealand's prime minister at the time, announced the government's crackdown on marking and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing the invasion of public and private property. New laws which were subsequently adopted include a ban on the sale of paint spray cans for persons under 18 years and a maximum increase of fines for violations from NZ $ 200 to NZ $ 2,000 or extended community services. The tagging issue became one of the most widely debated after the Auckland incident in January 2008 in which the middle-aged property owner stabbed one of the two teenagers who died suspended and later convicted of murder.
United States
Database Tracker
Graffiti databases have been increasing in the last decade because they allow a fully documented incident of vandalism
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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