Khokhloma or Khokhloma painting ( ??????? or ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Russian language pronunciation: Ã, [x? Xl? 'Ma] ) is the name of a Russian handicraft-style craft and national ornament, is known for its bright, red, green, and gold flowers on a black background, and its effect when applied to wooden or furniture utensils, makes it look heavier and resembles metal.
Video Khokhloma
History
It first appeared in the second half of the 17th century in what is now known as Koverninsky District in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. The craft was named Khokhloma after a trade deal on the same oblast, where famous craftsmen had made and sold their handmade items between the 18th and early 20th centuries. The making of khokhloma was first mentioned in 1659 in a letter of a boyar called Morozov to his millionaire, containing orders for the following: "A hundred painted plates polished with tin powder, large or medium, of the same kind we had before, not forgetting two large painted bowls, twenty mediums, and twenty smaller ones ".
The craft comes from old believers, who, escaping the persecution of officials, took shelter in the local forest. Even before, local villagers had experience in making soft wooden tableware. Among the schismatics are iconic painters, who teach local artisans this painting technique.
The original technique of painting wood with a golden color without applying the original gold is the hallmark of Khokhloma, a remarkable and intelligent invention of the Russian craftsmen. Wood-carved articles (tableware, mostly) are usually fitted with clay dough, raw linseed oil, and tin powder (now aluminum is used). Flower patterns are then painted on top of this layer with a brush. After that, the articles were coated with linseed oil (currently, synthetic oil) and hardened in a kiln at high temperatures. The combination of red, black, and gold is the typical color for Khokhloma. There are two major wood painting techniques used in Khokhloma, such as the so-called "superficial techniques" (red and black on top of gold) and "background techniques" (designs like a golden silhouette above a colored background).
Khokhloma craft seems to fade in the early 20th century, but it was revitalized during Soviet times. The Khokhloma craftsmen merged into artels in the 1920s - early 1930s. In the 1960s, the Soviets built a plant called the Khokhloma painter near the village of Khokhloma and an industrial association called Painting of Khokhloma in the city of Semyonov. Both of these factories have become the center of Khokhloma in Russia and produce tableware, utensil (mostly spoon), furniture, souvenirs etc.
Unique works of Khoklhoma art can be seen at the Khokloma Museum which opened at Semyonov factory in 1972. Among them there is a large 2 meter Khocloma spoon and 67 cm large and a large one-and-a-half bowl.
Maps Khokhloma
Gallery
See also
- List of Russian discoveries
References
External links
- Khokhloma ware: folk art for the masses (in English)
- Khokhloma painting (in English)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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