USS Arizona is a Pennsylvania class warship built for and by the United States Navy in the mid-1910s. Named to honor the entry of the 48th state recently into the union, the ship was the second and last of the Pennsylvania class of the "super-dreadnought" warship. Although it was commissioned in 1916, the ship remained in the United States during World War I. Shortly after the end of the war, Arizona was one of a number of American vessels that briefly escorted President Woodrow Wilson to the Paris Peace Conference. The ship was sent to Turkey in 1919 at the start of the Greco-Turkish War to represent American interests for several months. A few years later, he was transferred to the Pacific Fleet and remained there for the rest of his career.
Aside from the comprehensive modernization of 1929-1931, Arizona is regularly used for exercises between wars, including the annual Fleet Problem (training). When the earthquake struck Long Beach, California, on March 10, 1933, the crew of Arizona provided assistance to the victims. In July 1934, the ship was featured in the Jimmy Cagney movie, Here Comes the Navy , on the romantic issue of a sailor. In April 1940, he and the rest of the Pacific Fleet moved from California to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, as a deterrent to Japanese imperialism.
During the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Arizona was bombed. After a bomb was detonated in a powder magazine, the warship exploded violently and drowned, with the loss of 1,177 officers and crew members. Unlike many other vessels that sunk or damaged that day, Arizona was damaged by the destruction of the magazine's explosive power, even though the Navy erased parts of the ship for reuse. The wreck still lies beneath Pearl Harbor and USS Arizona Memorial, dedicated on May 30, 1962 to all those killed during the attack, straddling the hull of the ship.
Video USS Arizona (BB-39)
Description
The Pennsylvania class ships are significantly larger than their predecessors, the Nevada class. Arizona has an overall length of 608 feet (185.3 m), a threshold of 97 feet (29.6 m) (on the surface), and a draft of 29 feet 3 inches (8.9 m) the deep. It is 25 feet (7.6 m) longer than the older vessel. He displaced 29,158 tonnes (29,626 t) at standard and 31,917 tonnes long (32,429 t) on deep loads, more than 4,000 tonnes long (4,060 t) more than the older vessels. The vessel has a 7.82 foot (2.4 m) metacentric height on the inner load.
The vessel has four sets of Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, each of which propels a 12-foot-diameter propeller (3.7 m) in diameter. They are supported by twelve Babcock & amp; Water pipe Wilcox reservoir. The turbine is designed to produce a total of 34,000 horsepower axes (25,000 kW), but it only reaches 33,376 shp (24,888 kW) during the seawater test, when it meets its designed speed 21 knots (39 km/h, 24 mph). However, he managed to reach 21.5 knots (39.8 km/h, 24.7 mph) during a full power trial in September 1924. He was designed to typically carry 1,548 tonnes long (1,573 t) of fuel oil, but has the capacity maximum 2,305 ton long (2,342 t). At full capacity, the ship can steam at 12 knots (22 km/h, 14 mph) for an estimated 7.552 nautical miles (13,990 km; 8,690 mi) on a net basis. He has four turbo-powered generators of 300 kilowatts (402 hp).
Arizona carries twelve 45-caliber 14-inch rifles in three rifle towers. Turret is numbered from I to IV from front to back. The rifle can not ride independently and is limited to a maximum height of 15 Â ° which gives them a maximum range of 21,000 meters (19,000 m). The ship carried 100 rounds for each weapon. The defense of torpedo ships was provided by twenty-two fifty-five-fifth rifles mounted in each prison on the sides of the hull. Positioned because they proved susceptible to sea sprays and could not work in the heavy seas. At a height of 15 Â °, they have a maximum range of 14,050 meters (12,850 m). Each weapon is provided with 230 rounds of ammunition. The ship piloted four three-inch three-caliber weapons for an anti-aircraft defense, though only two were installed when completed. The other pair was added shortly thereafter on top of Turret III. Arizona also installed two 21-inch torpedo tubes (533 mm) and brought 24 torpedoes for them.
The Pennsylvania -class design continues the all-or-none principle of armoring just the most important field of the ship starting in the Nevada class. Krupp's armor waterline armor measures 13.5 inches (343 mm) and only covers the engine room of ships and magazines. It has a total height of 17 feet 6 inches (5.3 m), of which 8 feet 9.75 inches (2.7 m) is below the waterline; starting 2 feet 4 inches (0.7 m) below the water surface, the belt tapered to a minimum thickness of 8 inches (203 mm). The bulkheads across each end of the ship range from 13 to 8 inches in thickness. The face of the turret gun is as thick as 18 inches (457 mm) while the sides are 9-10 inches (229-254 mm) thick and the turret roof is protected by 5 inch (127 mm) armor. Armor of barbettes is 18 to 4.5 inches (457 to 114 mm) thick. The command tower is protected by 16 inches (406 mm) from armor and has an eight inch thick roof.
The main armor deck is three thick plates with a total thickness of 3 inches (76 mm); above the steering gear, the armor increases to 6.25 inches (159 mm) in two plates. Underneath is a flake deck that ranges from 1.5 to 2 inches (38 to 51 mm) in thickness. Boilers uptakes are protected by a cone-shaped coat that ranges from 9 to 15 inches (230 to 380 mm) in thickness. A three-inch torpedo bulkhead is placed 9 feet 6 inches (2.9 m) on a ship from the side of the ship and the ship is equipped with a double base complete. Testing in mid-1914 revealed that this system could hold 300 pounds (140 kg) of TNT.
Maps USS Arizona (BB-39)
Construction and testing
The bell warship number 39 was laid on the morning of March 16, 1914 with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Delano Roosevelt present. The builders intend to set a ten-month world record between launch and launch of the ship, for what the New York Times says will be "the largest and strongest in the world, both offensive and defensive, superdreadnought ever built," but the ship was only a little over half complete a year later. It was launched on June 19, 1915, making it about fifteen months since the launch of the launch. Meanwhile, the ship was named after the latest state in the union by the Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels.
The New York Times estimates that 75,000 people attended the launch, including John Purroy Mitchel, the mayor of New York City, George W. P. Hunt, the governor of Arizona, and many high-ranking military officials. Some warships are also nearby, including many new warships already entering the service ( Florida , Utah , Wyoming , Arkansas , New York , and Texas ). Esther Ross, daughter of an Arizona pioneer family, was given the honor of the ship's sponsorship and baptism. To acknowledge a recent alcohol ban passed by state legislatures, the state governor decides that two bottles will be used: one full of sparkling wine from Ohio, and another filled with water from the Roosevelt Dam. Upon launch, Arizona was withdrawn to Brooklyn Navy Yard for installation.
Arizona was assigned to the Navy on 17 October 1916 with John D. McDonald as captain. He left New York on 10 November 1916 after the crew cleared the ship and the propulsion system had been tested on the dock. After declaration of the ship's magnetic compass, the ship sailed south for his voyage. Outside of Guantanamo Bay, the stripped turbine on 7 December forced the navy to order Arizona back to New York for repair, although he could enter the Chesapeake Bay to test its main and secondary weapons battery at 19-20. December. The turbine can not be repaired inside the ship, so the yard worker has to cut a hole in the upper deck to lift the damaged case. It was reinstalled after nearly four months of repair at the naval base.
World War I
Arizona left the page on April 3, 1917, and three days later, the United States declared war on Germany. Assigned to the Battleship 8 Division operating out of the York River, Arizona was employed solely as a training ship of guns for the crew of armed merchant ships crossing the Atlantic in convoys. Shortly after the war began, eight of his 5-inch weapons (the fourth most forward weapon and the four most powerful guns) were transferred to complement the merchant ship. As the ship sailed near the old San Marcos shipwreck (eg Texas ), the shipwreck was sometimes used as a target for a 14-inch rifle. Arizona rarely traveled to the ocean for fear of U Boats, and when he did, it was only in other warships and escort companies. Four American coal-fired dreadnoughts (easier to get coal than oil in Britain) were eventually sent across the Atlantic in December 1917 as Battleship Division Nine, but Arizona was not among them. The life for the Arizona span is not all training because the race-boat team from Arizona was able to win the Battenberg Cup in July 1918 by beating teams from > Nevada with three lengths over a three mile field.
The battle ended on 11 November 1918 with a ceasefire. A week later, the ship left the United States for the British Empire, arriving on November 30, 1918. After two weeks anchored in Portland Harbor, Arizona sailed to France. On December 13, 1918, Arizona joined nine warships and twenty-eight destroyers escorted President Woodrow Wilson on the George Washington ships to Brest for one day on Wilson's trip to Paris Peace Conference. Ten warships left for France the next day, taking less than two weeks to cross the Atlantic, and arrived in New York on December 26 for parades, celebrations and full naval reviews by Secretary Daniels. Arizona was the first in line and gave nineteen greetings to Daniels. Along with many other members of the newly returned fleet, he docked in New York City for the next few weeks and was open to the public.
1920s
Arizona went sailing from New York to Hampton Roads, where he arrived on January 22, and he continued south to Guantanamo Bay shortly after, arriving on February 8. The time in Caribbean waters was mostly used in training for fighting and fleet maneuvers, although that included independence visits to Port of Spain. In April, the Arizona 'crew won the Battenberg Cup rowing competition for the second year in a row before the ship was deployed to France once more to escort President Wilson back to the United States.. While the ship was awaiting Wilson's departure, he was reinstated to Smyrna (now Izmir) in Turkey in response to tensions between Greece and Italy over the granting of Smyrna to Greece in the Paris Peace Treaty. The Greek and Italian governments each deployed large warships to the area ( Georgios Averof and Caio Duilio , respectively) to uphold their interests. Shortly after Arizona arrived, the Greek ground forces arrived at the transport and were off-loaded at the harbor. The chaos generated in the city caused many Americans in the area to seek shelter on the Arizona ships.
When the crisis subsided, Arizona was ordered to Constantinople (now Istanbul) before he sailed home on June 15. He was put into the New York Navy Yard on June 30 for repairs, in which six 5-inch weapons were removed and the fire control system modernized. The work was completed in January 1920 and the warship sailed south to Guantanamo Bay for crew training. During this time, Arizona was equipped with a fly-off platform similar to that given to Texas in March 1919. In April, Arizona lost the Battenberg Cup to Nevada , and in June he attends for a Naval Academy graduation ceremony. In August he became the flagship of the Battleship Division Seven, although it was not until 1920 that the warship was replaced to become an admiral ship.
In a company with six warships and eightteen destroyers, Arizona was sent south again to transit the Panama Canal in January 1921. After meeting the Pacific Fleet, Arizona went to Peru during a week before the two fleets combined to practice battle maneuvers. After a brief glimpse back to the Atlantic, which included a check in New York, Arizona returned to Peru in the summer before he started operating from his new port home in San Pedro, California, part of Los Angeles, where he lived until 1940.
During the rest of the 1920s, the Arizona ' service consisted of regular exercises. The naval historian Paul Stillwell says that "the Pacific years include many similarities and repetitions", and the chronology of the ship's movement is filled with phrases such as "torpedo-defense training", "battle-training drills," "cannon practice," "in trip to... ", and" anchored in... ". The recurring theme in these years is the Yearly Fleet Problem, which began in 1923 and simulates the actions of a large fleet by making most of the active fleet facing each other. The first two simulated attacks on the Panama Canal from the west, while in 1925 they sought to defend the Hawaiian Islands. Other fleet issues of the 1920s included the Caribbean, near Central America, the West Indies, and Hawaii. On July 27, 1923, the ship was joined by President Warren G. Harding's naval review in Seattle. Harding died just a week later, and Arizona joined the Pacific Fleet to pay homage to his honor on August 3.
Modernization
Four months after the Fleet Problem IX in January 1929, Arizona was modernized in the Norfolk Navy Yard. The new tripod pole, overcome by a three-level fire control director for primary and secondary weaponry, replaced the old hyperboloid enclosure; the number of guns measuring 5 inches (130 mm) was reduced to 12 and the weapon was restored a deck higher, and eight 25-caliber 25-caliber anti-aircraft replaced the 3-inch (76 mm) rifle with which he was using. originally equipped. Turret vessel main weapons are modified to increase the maximum elevation of their weapons to 30 Â °. The pressurized air launcher on the quarterdeck was replaced with a black powder. Its deck armor is enhanced by the addition of 1.75 inch (44 mm) thickness of Special Steel Treatment, and the ship is bulging to protect it from torpedoes. An additional bulkhead is added to the side of the boiler room for the same purpose. Arizona ' almost completely replaced; the high pressure turbine was replaced by a stronger turbine than the battled warship Washington , and six new boilers replaced the original. Their additional strengths offset the increase in ship displacement as demonstrated during the sea trials; Arizona made 20.7 knots (38.3 km/h, 23.8 mph) with 35,081 shp (26,160 kW) at 37,654 tonne long (38,258 t) displacement.
1930s
On March 19, 1931, even before Arizona was incorporated through post-modernization sea trials, he hosted President Herbert Hoover for a short vacation in the Caribbean. The President visited Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Back on March 29, Arizona conducted its sea trials in Rockland, Maine, and installed another catapult at the top of Turret III, before he was transferred to the West Coast in August with his sister Pennsylvania >. In February 1932, the vessel participated in Grand Joint Exercise No. 4 where the aircraft carrier successfully attacked Pearl Harbor on Sunday morning, February 7th. After returning to the West Coast from Fleet ProblemÃ, XIV in 1933, the ship docked in San Pedro when an earthquake struck Long Beach, California, on 10 March. Sailors from the ship joined the relief effort, provided food, took care of the wounded and provided security from looters.
In early 1934, the ship and his crew were featured in the James Cagney movie for Warner Brothers, Here Comes the Navy, which made extensive use of exterior footage as well as on-board location images. On the morning of July 26, Arizona collided with a trawler fish, Umatilla , which was pulled by another trawl from Cape Flattery. Two people aboard the Umatilla ship were killed in a collision and the Navy held an Investigation Court to investigate the incident. The court recommended that the captain of the ship, Captain MacGillivray Milne, be tried in a military court. This happened at the Guantanamo Bay Navy Base, Cuba, while the ship participated in Fleet Trouble that year off the east coast. Milne was found guilty and substituted a few months later by Captain George Baum after the ship returned to the West Coast. Meanwhile, Rear Admiral Samuel W. Bryant took command of the Second Battle Division on September 4, with Arizona as its flagship.
Rear Admiral George Pettengill released Bryant on March 4, 1935 and the ship participated in Fleet Problem XVI two months later. Arizona made a visit to Balboa, Panama, in May 1936 during the Fleet Problem XVII. On June 8, Captain George A. Alexander frees Baum as captain, and, 15 days later, Rear Admiral Claude C. Bloch frees Pettengill. During the cannon drill on July 24, the combustion gas from a Turret II pistol enters the rifle turret, setting fire to one crew. The turret watering system is turned on to prevent powder explosion, but water leaks to the turret power switchboard and starts a small flame that goes out. Due to the limited budget of the navy, the ship spent most of this period at the port as a fuel saving measure. In Fiscal Year 1936-37, the ship docked for 267 days; the following year at the port for 255 days. The ship spent the rest of his career based on the West Coast or in Hawaii.
On January 2, 1937, Rear Admiral John Greenslade took command of the Battle of Two Bloch Division and moved his flag to a warship on Maryland on April 13. Rear Admiral Manley Simons, commander of the First Battle Division, moved his flag to Arizona on August 7th. He was released by Admiral Adolphus Wilson on 8 November. Captain Alfred Winsor Brown frees Baum on December 11th. The ship participated in the Fleet Problem XIX off Hawaii in April-May 1938. Captain Brown died in his sleep on September 7 and Captain Isaac C. Kidd took command of the ship on September 17, 1938. On the same day, Rear Adm. Chester Nimitz took command. Division of Warship One. Nimitz was relieved on May 27, 1939 by Rear Admiral Russell Willson.
Arizona ' The last fleet problem was from Hawaii in April-May 1940. In conclusion, the US Pacific Fleet was maintained in Hawaiian waters, based in Pearl Harbor, to deter Japan. He was overhauled at Puget Sound Navy Yard, Bremerton, Washington, from October 1940 to January 1941. During this repair, his anti-aircraft weaponry was upgraded to twelve 5-inch guns, the foundation for search radar was added over his foremast. , its enhanced anti-aircraft director and platform for four 5.0-inch (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns mounted at the very top of the mast. His last command change took place on January 23, 1941, when Willson was released by Isaac Kidd, at the time a rear admiral. Captain Harold C. The train took command of the ship on 3 February.
Captain Franklin Van Valkenburgh freed the Train on February 3, 1941. The ship's final strike was a night exercise on the night of December 4 as part of the Battleship Division One, along with Nevada and Oklahoma. The three vessels were moored on the pier along Ford Island the next day. On December 6, the vestal repair ship came together to assist the ship's crew with minor repairs.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Shortly before 8:00 on December 7, 1941, Japanese aircraft from six aircraft carriers struck the Pacific Fleet as it was located at the harbor at Pearl Harbor, causing destruction on warships and installations defending Hawaii. On board the Arizona , the ship's airborne attack alarm exploded at around 7:55 am, and the ship went to a public place soon after. Shortly after 08:00, 10 Nakajima B5N "Kate" torpedo bombers, five each from the operator Kaga and Hiry? , attacking Arizona . All aircraft carry a 406-millimeter (16.0-inch) armor-piercing shell that is modified to 797 kilograms (1,757 pounds) of bombs. Fly at an altitude of about 3,000 meters (9,800 feet), Kaga ' bombed Arizona from the center of the ship to the stern. Immediately after, Hiryu bombers ' hit the bow area.
The aircraft scored four hits and three close to and around Arizona. Loss near the port bow is thought to have caused observers to believe that the ship had been torpedoed, though no torpedo damage was found. The loudest bomb bounced Turret IV's face and pierced the deck to blow up in the captain's pantry, causing a small fire. The next leading blow is near the edge of the ship port, following the main mast, possibly blowing up in the anti-torpedo bulkhead area. The next bomb struck near the back port of a 5-inch AA gun.
Magazine explosion
The last bomb struck at 8:06 am around Turret II, possibly breaking through a steel-coated deck near an ammunition magazine located on the front of the ship. Although not enough vessels intact to assess the exact location, the effect is irrefutable: about seven seconds after the attack, the front magazine detonated in a massive explosion, mostly through the ship's side and destroying much of the interior structure. the front of the ship. This causes the front towers and the connecting towers to collapse downward about 25-30 feet (7.6-9.1 m) and the front pivot and funnel collapse forward, effectively tearing the vessel in half. The blast touched a burning flame for two days; ruins raining down Ford Island around it. The explosion from the explosion also extinguished the fire on the vestal repair vessel, which was moored on the side. The next bomb and explosion killed 1,177 of 1,512 crew members at the time, roughly half of the lives lost during the attack.
Two competing theories have emerged about the cause of the explosion. The first is that the bomb was detonated inside or near a black powder magazine used for ship's rifle rifles and accusations of throwing ships. It will be blown up first and then ignite the smokeless powder paper used for the ship's main armament. A report by the Navy Boss of 1944 states that the hold leading to black powder magazine is left open, possibly with a combustible material dispersed nearby. The Naval History and Heritage Command explains that black powder may have been stockpiled outside armored magazines. The alternative explanation is that bombs penetrate a steel-coated deck and are detonated directly in one of the right magazines for major armaments, but smokeless powders are relatively difficult to detonate. So a 14-inch powder bag needs black powder to quickly ignite the powder. The time elapsed from the explosion of bombs to the magazine explosion is shorter than the recommended experience of burning the smokeless powder needed to explode. It seems unlikely that a definite answer to this question will ever be found, since living physical evidence is not enough to determine the cause of the magazine explosion.
Awards and acknowledgments
After the attack, several sailors received a medal for their actions and actions under fire. Lieutenant Commander Samuel G. Fuqua, ship damage control officer, obtained Medal of Honor for his cold as he extinguished the fire and made survivors of a destroyed warship. The award of Medal of Honor was also given to two high-ranking officers who were on board when destroyed, Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, the first flag officer to die in the Pacific war, and Captain Franklin Van Valkenburgh, who reached the bridge and tried to defend his ship when the bomb crashing into an onboard magazine ammunition destroy it. Arizona was awarded a one star battle for its service in World War II.
Salvage and memorial
Arizona was placed "in the ordinary" (declared for a while out of service) at Pearl Harbor on December 29, and was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on December 1, 1942. He was badly damaged by the magazine explosion that he was not considered suitable for service even if he can be saved, unlike many other sinking vessels nearby. His surviving superstructure was abolished in 1942, and his main armament was rescued for the next year and a half. The main gun of stern guns has been removed and reinstalled as the US Army Army of Arizona Battery Armor Corps at Kahe Point on the west coast of Oahu and Battery Pennsylvania on the Mokapu Peninsula, covering Kaneohe Bay in what is now Hawaii Marine Corps Base. The Pennsylvania battery fired its weapons for the first and last on V-J Day in August 1945 while training, while the nearest Arizona Battery never finished. The two front turrets were left in place, although the weapons from Turret II were rescued and then mounted on a Nevada battleship in the fall of 1944 after being straightened and spliced. Nevada then fired these same weapons into the Japanese islands of Okinawa and Iwo Jima.
Arizona memorials
It is generally - albeit wrong - to believe that Arizona is continuously in commissions, such as the USSÃ, Constitution . Arizona is under the control of the National Park Service, but the US Navy still retains the title. Arizona retains the right, forever, to fly the flag of the United States as if he were an assigned active naval vessel.
The Arizona wreck remained at Pearl Harbor to commemorate those of his crew lost the morning in December 1941. On March 7, 1950, Admiral Arthur W. Radford, commander-in-chief of the Pacific Fleet at that time, instituted the appearance of color in over the rest of his body. Legislation during the administration of president Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy resulted in the appointment of the wreck as a national temple in 1962. A monument was built across the remains of the sinking of a ship, including a temple hall containing the names of lost crew. members on the marble wall. National memorials were administratively listed in the National Register of Historic Sites on October 15, 1966. The ship itself was designated a National Historic Landmark on May 5, 1989. After their death, the survivor of the attack may have his ashes placed on board, at among them. their fallen comrades. The veteran on duty later may have his ashes scattered over the water on the ship.
While the superstructure and two of the four main weapon towers have been removed, the berets of one of the towers remain visible above the water. Since drowning, oil is still leaking from the hull, with more than 2.3 liters (2.18 liters) fleeing to the port per day. The Navy, along with the National Park Service, recently oversaw a comprehensive gastric computerized mapping, taking care to honor its role as a war grave. The Navy is considering non-intrusive ways to reduce oil leaks that continue to avoid further degradation of the harbor environment.
One of Arizona's original bells is now hanging in the University of the Student Arizona Memorial Center bell tower. The bells rang after every home football victory. The rifles, poles, and anchors from Arizona are at the Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza east of the Arizona State Council compound in downtown Phoenix, Arizona. The gun plaque states that it was not on board during the Pearl Harbor attack, but is being mastered and then installed in USSÃ, Nevada (BB-36). It was paired with a pistol from the USSÃ, Missouri (BB-63) to represent the start and end of the Pacific War for the United States. Other artefacts from ships, such as items from silver service vessels, are on permanent exhibits at the Arizona State Capitol Museum.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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