Max Ernst (April 2, 1891 - April 1, 1976) is a German painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and poet. A prolific artist, Ernst is the main pioneer of the Dada movement and Surrealism.
Video Max Ernst
Biography
Early life
Max Ernst was born in BrÃÆ'¼hl, near Cologne, the third child of nine children from a middle-class Catholic family. His father, Philipp, was a deaf teacher and an amateur painter, a devout and disciplined Christian. He was inspired in Max's tendency to oppose authority, while his interest in painting and sketching in nature influenced Max to take his paintings. In 1909 Ernst enrolled at the University of Bonn, studying philosophy, art history, literature, psychology and psychiatry. He visited a mental hospital and became fascinated with the art of a mentally ill patient; he also began painting that year, producing sketches in the castle park BrÃÆ'¼hl, and portraits of his sister and himself. In 1911 Ernst made friends with August Macke and joined his artist group, deciding to become an artist. In 1912 he visited the Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne, where Pablo Picasso and post-Impressionist works such as Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin greatly influenced his approach to art. His own works were exhibited in the same year along with the Das Junge Rheinland group, at Galerie Feldman in Cologne, and then at several group exhibitions in 1913.
In 1914 Ernst met Hans Arp in Cologne. The two soon became friends and their relationship lasted for fifty years. After Ernst completed his studies in the summer, his life was disrupted by World War I. Ernst was organized and served both on the Western and Eastern fronts. Such was the devastating effect of the war on artists who in his autobiography he referred to his time in the army as follows: "On August 1, 1914 M [ax] E. He died He was resurrected in the eleventh century November 1918." However, for a brief period on the Western Front, Ernst was assigned to map the map, which enabled him to continue painting. Several German expressionist painters were killed in action during the war, including August Macke and Franz Marc.
Chest and surrealism
Ernst was demobilized in 1918 and returned to Cologne. He soon married art history student Luise Straus, whom he met in 1914. In 1919, Ernst visited Paul Klee in Munich and studied paintings by Giorgio de Chirico, which was very impressive to him. That same year, partly inspired by de Chirico and partly by studying mail-order catalogs, guide-guide guides, and similar sources, it produced its first collage (particularly Fiat mode, lithograph portfolio), a technique that will dominate its artistic pursuit in the coming years. Also in 1919 Ernst, social activist Johannes Theodor Baargeld, and several colleagues founded the Cologne Dada group. In 1919-2020 Ernst and Baargeld published short magazines such as Der Strom and die schammade , and organized a Dada exhibit.
The children of Ernst and Luise, Ulrich 'Jimmy' Ernst was born on June 24, 1920; he is also a painter. Ernst's marriage to Luise was short-lived. In 1921 he met Paul ÃÆ' â € ° luard, who became a lifelong close friend. ÃÆ' â € ° luard bought two paintings of Ernst ( Celebes
Although apparently receiving mÃÆ' Â © nage ÃÆ' trois at first, ÃÆ' â € ° luard eventually became more concerned about his affair. In 1924, he suddenly left, first to Monaco, and then to Saigon, Vietnam. He immediately asked his wife and Max Ernst to join him; both had to sell many paintings to finance the trip. Ernst went to DÃÆ'¼sseldorf and sold a large amount of his work to an old friend, Johanna Ey, the owner of Das Junge Rheinland gallery. After a short time together in Saigon, the trio decided that Gala would remain with Paul. The â € ° luard returned to Eaubonne in early September, while Ernst followed them a few months later, after exploring more in Southeast Asia. He returned to Paris in late 1924 and immediately signed a contract with Jacques Viot that allowed him to paint full time. In 1925 Ernst founded a studio in 22, rue Tourlaque.
Constantly experimenting, in 1925 Ernst invented a graphic arts technique called frottage (see Surreal technique), which used pencil object rubbings as the source of the image. He also invented the 'grattage' technique, in which paints were scraped on the canvas to reveal traces of objects placed underneath. He uses this technique in his famous painting of Forest and Dove (as shown in Tate Modern).
The following year he collaborated with Joan MirÃÆ'³ on design for Sergei Diaghilev. With the help of MirÃÆ'³, Ernst pioneered the grattage, where he arranged the pigment from his canvas. He also explored the decalcomania technique, which involves touching paint between two surfaces.
Ernst developed a fascination with birds that are prevalent in his work. His alter ego in the painting, which he calls Loplop, is a bird. He suggested that this alter ego is an extension of itself that comes from the initial confusion of birds and humans. He said that one night when he was young, he woke up and discovered that his beloved bird had died, and a few minutes later his father announced that his sister was born. Loplop often appears in collages by other artists, such as Loplop presents AndrÃÆ' © Breton . Ernst drew much controversy with his 1926 painting of The Virgin Chastises the baby Jesus before the Three Witnesses: Andrà ©  © Breton, Paul ÃÆ' â € ° luard, and the Painter . In 1927 Ernst married Marie-Berthe Aurenche, and allegedly his relationship with him may have inspired the erotic problems of The Kiss and other works that year. Ernst appeared in the 1930 film L'ÃÆ'â € Å¡ge d'Or , directed by self-identifier Luis Lusia â € žuel. Ernst began making sculptures in 1934, and spent time with Alberto Giacometti. In 1938, American heir and art patron Peggy Guggenheim earned a number of Max Ernst's works, which he performed in his new gallery in London. Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim later married (1942-1946).
World War II and subsequent life
In September 1939, the outbreak of World War II caused Ernst to be interned as an "unwanted stranger" at Camp des Milles, near Aix-en-Provence, along with his surrealist fellow, Hans Bellmer, who recently emigrated to Paris. At that time, she lived with her lover and another surrealist painter, Leonora Carrington who, not knowing whether she would return, saw no choice but to sell her house to pay the debt and go to Spain. Thanks to intercession from Paul ÃÆ' â € ° luard and other friends, including journalist Varian Fry, she was released a few weeks later. Immediately after the German occupation of France, he was arrested again, this time by the Gestapo, but managed to escape and flee to America with the help of Peggy Guggenheim and Fry. Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim arrived in the United States in 1941 and married at the end of the year. Along with other artists and friends (Marcel Duchamp and Marc Chagall) who fled the war and lived in New York City, Ernst helped inspire the development of Abstract expressionism.
His marriage to Guggenheim did not take place and in Beverly Hills, California in October 1946, in a double ceremony with Man Ray and Juliet P. Browner, he married Dorothea Tanning.
Life and career Max Ernst was examined in the 1991 documentary of Peter Schamoni Max Ernst . Dedicated to the art historian Werner Spies, it was collected from interviews with Ernst, his paintings and his statues, and memoirs from his wife Dorothea Tanning and son Jimmy. The 101-minute German film was released on DVD with an English subtitle by Image Entertainment.
In 2005, "Max Ernst: A Retrospective" opened at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and included works such as Celebes (1921), Ubu Imperator (1923), and < i> Fireside Angel (1937), one of the definitive pieces of politics and subtitles The Triumph of Surrealism depicts a birdlike-like creature that represents the waves of European-covered fascism. The exhibition also includes Ernst's works that experiment with the writing of free associations and frottage techniques, created from the rubbing of a textured surface; grattage, involves scratches on the surface of the painting; and decalcomania, which involves changing the wet painting by pressing a second surface against it and taking it away.
Ernst's son, Jimmy, the famous German/American abstract painter, who lived on the southern coast of Long Island, died in 1984. His memoir, Not A So-Still Life, was published shortly before his death. Max Ernst's grandson, Eric, and granddaughter, Amy, are both artists and writers.
Maps Max Ernst
See also
- List of German painters
Note
References
- Werner Spies & amp; Sabine Rewald (eds.), Max Ernst: A Retrospective . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art/New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005. Exhibition catalog at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York: Max Ernst: a retrospective
- John Russell. Max Ernst: live and working (New York, H.N. Abrams, 1967) OCLCÃ, 2034599
- Max Ernst Books and Graphic Works . Institute fur Auslandsbeziehungen, 1977.
- Elizabeth Legge. Max Ernst: The Psychoanalytic Sources (UMI, 1989).
- David Hopkins. Marcel Duchamp and Max Ernst: The Bride Shared (Oxford, 1998).
- William Camfield. Max Ernst Chest and Dawn of Surrealism (MoMA, 1993).
External links
- Max Ernst in the Museum of Modern Art
- Max Ernst on Wikiart.org
- Max Ernst, Retrospective , The Metropolitain Museum of Art
- Paintings at Museums and Public Art Gallery Worldwide, Artcyclopedia
- Works in the National Gallery of Scotland
- Max Ernst Gallery
- Artfacts.Net, Max Ernst facts
- Max Ernst in the American public collection, on the French Sculpture Sculpture website
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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