In 1935, the United States Naval Research Laboratory began studying and testing camouflage camouflage visibility. Research continues through World War II to (1) reduce visibility by painting vertical surfaces to align with horizons and horizontal surfaces to merge with the sea, or (2) confusing identity and direction by painting prominent patterns on vertical surfaces. Some camouflage methods serve both purposes. The American captain allowed less freedom of interpretation with this scheme (other than Size 12 Modified) than their British Commonwealth counterpart applied to the Admiralty camouflage scheme.
Video World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy
Early measurements
With the possibility of the United States entering the war, and after experimenting with various paint schemes undertaken in conjunction with the 1940 Fleet Problem (drills), Shipbuilders (BuShips) directed in January 1941 that color of peacetime as a whole # 5 Navy Gray Standard, bright with linseed oil base, replaced with Dark Gray matte, # 5-D, a new paint formulation with synthetic alkyd resin base. Instead of wasting large quantities of Standard Gray already in stock and aboard, BuShips directs the issuance of black tinting paste (5-BP) which, when mixed in proportions as expressed by the Gray Standard, will produce an approximate 5- D, with new paint problem in pre-mixed form to follow. BuShips also issued the Camouflage Ship Instructions (SHIPS-2), which comprised 9 painting schemes for use throughout the Navy. Instead of removing the number of newly-used colors, Light Gray (5-L) and Ocean Gray (5-O), yard and supply depots are directed to unleash the basal (5-U) basalt along with blue - black material (5-TM) which when mixed in accordance with the instructions will turn 5-U into Light or Ocean Gray.
The adoption of new measures is very slow, however: by the end of May AL paint manufacturers have not received the materials needed for new alkox-based paints and only at the end of April they receive even the necessary explosives for the conversion pastes. -BP.
In the summer of 1941 it became clear that Dark Gray (5-D) was unacceptable in all conditions, and 5-D "conversion" made from pre-war # 5 was also too shiny and prone to chipping and peeling; Meanwhile, the Pacific Fleet experiment with new colors Sea Blue and Sapphire Blue is considered successful. Thus, in July-August Dark Gray is discontinued and the new Blue Sea (5-S) and Haze Gray (5-H) paint formulations are implemented, together with the Blue Deck (20-B) for all horizontal, steel and wood. The tinting paste was modified to contain slightly more black and blue than before; this means Ocean Gray also becomes a bit more bluish nowadays and all 5-series paint colors are now categorized as Munsell 5 Purple-Blue. Until 1945 all USN "gray" and almost all shades of "blue" were produced using the same blue-black color (5-TMa), so the paint represents a different tone than what effectively becomes a blue-gray color.
In September, Steps 1 through 8 were abolished and four new schemes were announced in the revised edition of SHIPS-2. On July 19 Size 12 was determined for the entire Atlantic Fleet, and on September 13 Measuring 11 for the Pacific. However, there is a time lag between the issuance of new instructions, and the paint that is produced and distributed and the ships are completely repainted; at the time of Pearl Harbor's attack on December 7, 1941, most of the Pacific Fleet was still wearing dark gray Size.
In November, the aircraft carrier began to apply the stain of the blue-gray dark flight deck (# 250) with a color similar to the Blue Deck, along with a stain around Ocean Gray for signs of flight deck (# 251).
The Asian Fleet: The distant Manila-based fleet, Asia can not afford new paint colors and in November painted the ships as a whole with colors obtained from local sources in the middle between the Blue Sea and the Ash - The Sea, nicknamed "Cavite Blue."
Maps World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy
Increase in size from combat experience
In the first six months of the battle, the United States Navy modified Sizes 11 and 12 to meet the needs of the Pacific Ocean operations. Sea Blue was found too light, and was ordered to be replaced with a new Navy Blue (5-N) color, which uses 50% more than the same paste tint as Sea Blue and also darker.
Green Tropical System: Throughout 1942, the Camouflage Section did not issue instructions for landing ships, PT ships, Tank Landing vessels (LST) and other vessels expected to operate in offshore waters close to the conditions of the Pacific forests, so individual orders done for the whole pattern of green camouflage, or ad-hoc with any green or brown paint that can be obtained. In early 1943 the BuShips initiated the development of a green series parallel to the gray-blue series, but the process was slow and therefore the South Pacific Command as ordered ordered amphibious ships to be repainted in Dark Tropic Green with "tiger stripes" in Light Tropic Green, both of which can be made by mixing the standard 5-TMa color medium with a yellow zinc chromate primer. According to contemporary reports, "The color of the foliage [around Bougainville] is very high, an unbelievable intelligence except for the same observations made at first arrival in the Solomon group."
Late wartime action
The Royal Navy established the camouflage section of Admiralty in October 1940. The early camouflage scheme interfered with Admiralty using a gray, blue and green polygon of various colors, so that at least two colors would blend into the background of the sea or sky under different light conditions. Experience shows that polygons are too small to be distinguished at effective camouflage ranges. The simplified Admiralty Light and the dark disturbing scheme were enacted in 1942 to use larger and simpler polygons with no more than four colors.
Artist Everett Warner, who had led the Navy's Camouflage design section during the First World War, returned to the post for Second. Based on Warner's interpretation of the recent Admiralty experience, BuShips issued a supplement to SHIPS-2 in March 1943 by putting some dazzling patterns under Size 31 (dark), 32 (medium) and 33 (light) to conceal the identity and confuse torpedo submersible fire control. Each size includes several design patterns for the ship class so that the pattern will not identify the ship class. These measures represent the last evolution of a dazzling camouflage.
The Warner Office publishes over 300 pattern sheets for Sizes 31-33. The special pattern in enchanting measurements is defined as, for example, MS-32/3D, which means the estroyer pattern 3 rd D under Measure 32; A shows the carrier patterns, B for warships, C for cruisers and so on. Often patterns designed for one type of vessel will be tailored to the other, so, for example, the warship North Carolina is wearing an adaptation of Measure 32/18D, originally a destructive pattern. Some patterns can be used as Size 31, 32 or 33 depending on the selected paint; this is listed as, for example, MS-3_/6D.
On September 15, 1943, the South Pacific Command adopted fascinating measures for all ships; in October the Pacific Fleet officially adopted stunning measures for most of the remaining ships.
In January 1945 BuShips revised its paint formulation due to a lack of blue pigment, and the realization of the tone was far more important than the color in the camouflage effect, eliminating the blue-purple shades that have characterized almost any color of a navy ship called "blue" or "gray. " The new paint is neutral gray, Navy Gray replaces the Blue Navy (but confused to accept the "5-N" designation while the Navy Blue becomes "5-NB"), and Deck Gray replaces the Blue Deck. Ocean Gray and Haze Gray retained their names but lost their bluish players. However, the new paint (which is pre-mixed, not as tinting paste) is generally available only in the yard in the state, while the vessels repainted at the front bases continue to use older bluish hues. In addition, for Measure 22 (but not 12 or 21), Navy Blue is still prescribed until the stock is exhausted.
In February the Pacific Fleet, ruled that the main threat to his ship was now kamikaze, directing that all ships were repainted at Measuring 12, 21 or 22, and the dazzling scheme began to disappear again. All odd divisions and cruise ships, crushing squadron divisions and bodyguards must be painted at Measure 21, and all CA/CL divisions, DD divisions, even and and DE divisions in Measure 22. Ironically, the Fleet Atlantic did not get the memo, and during 1945 the ship scheduled for Pacific transfer was repainted with dazzling, only to be painted again at Measure 21 or 22 upon arrival on the West Coast or Hawaii.
* Not a specification; measured by the US Standard Bureau in October 1941
** Not specification; estimated
*** In other words, the paint issued by BY & amp; D for their beach facilities and equipment, purchased by the Amphibian Force crew during the mid to late 1942
Note
References
Bibliography
Independent sources
-
Raven, Alan. "Development of Navy Camouflage" . Retrieved 2012-11-21 . - Sumrall, Robert F. (February 1973). "Camouflage (World War II): Deceptive Art". Proposal Naval Institute United States : 67-81.
Primary source
- US Navy Bureau (January 1941). "SHIPS-2: Camouflage Instruction Ship" . Retrieved 2013-04-08 .
- US Navy Bureau (September 1941). "SHIPS-2: Camouflage Instruction Ship, First Revision" . Retrieved 2013-04-08 .
- US Navy Bureau (June 1942). "SHIPS-2: Camouflage Instruction of Ship, Second Revision" . Retrieved 2013-04-08 .
- US Navy Bureau (March 1943). "SHIPS-2: Camouflage Instruction of the Ship, Second Additional Revision" . Retrieved 2013-04-08 .
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