Blue is one of the three primary colors of pigment in painting and traditional color theory, as well as in the RGB color model. It lies between purple and green on the visible spectrum of light. The eyes look blue when observing the light with the dominant wavelength between about 450 and 495 nanometers. Most blues contain few other mixtures of color; Blue contains some green, while navy blue contains some violet. The bright day skies and deep seas look blue due to the optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering. The optical effect called Tyndall scattering describes blue eyes. The distant object appears to be blue because of another optical effect called atmospheric perspective.
Blue has become an important color in art and decoration since ancient times. Semi-precious stones of lapis lazuli are used in ancient Egypt for jewelry and ornaments and later, in the Renaissance, to make ultramarine pigments, the most expensive of all pigments. In the 8th century Chinese artists used cobalt blue color to dye fine blue and white porcelain. In the Middle Ages, European artists used it in the windows of the Cathedral. Europeans wear colored clothes with vegetable dye woad to be replaced by a finer tilapia from America. In the 19th century, synthetic blue dyes and pigments gradually replaced the mineral pigments and synthetic dyes. Dark blue became a common color for military uniforms and then, late in the 20th century, for business suits. Since blue is generally associated with harmony, it is chosen as the color of the flags of the United Nations and the European Union.
Surveys in the US and Europe show that blue is the most common color associated with harmony, loyalty, confidence, distance, unlimited, imagination, cold, and sometimes with sadness. In a poll of US and European public opinion, this is the most popular color, chosen by nearly half of men and women as their favorite color. The same survey also shows that blue is the color most closely related to masculine, right in front of black, and also the color most closely related to intelligence, knowledge, tranquility, and concentration.
Video Blue
Shades dan variasi
Blue is the color of light between purple and green on the visible spectrum. The blue color includes indigo and navy blue, closer to purple; pure blue, without any mixture of other colors; Cyan, who is in the middle of the blue and green spectrum, and other turquoise blue-green, teal, and aquamarine.
Blue also varies in shade or color; the dark blue color contains black or gray, while lighter colors contain white. Dark shades of blue include navy blue, cobalt blue, navy blue, and Prussian blue; while lighter colors include sky blue, sky blue, and Egyptian blue. (For a more complete list, see Color list).
The blue pigment was originally made of minerals such as lapis lazuli, cobalt and azurite, and blue dye made from plants; usually woad in Europe, and Indigofera tinctoria , or true indigo, in Asia and Africa. Currently most of the pigments and blue dyes are made by chemical processes.
Maps Blue
Etymology and linguistic differences
The modern English word blue comes from the Middle English bleu or blewe , from the Old French bleu , the word from Origin Germanic, associated with Old High German blao . In the symbol, the blue word is used for blue.
In Russian and some other languages, there is no single word for the blue, but slightly different for the light blue (???????, goluboy) and the dark blue (?????, here). See Color term.
Some languages, including Japanese, Thai, Korean, and Lakota Sioux, use the same word to describe blue and green. For example, in Vietnamese the color of tree and sky leaves is xanh . In Japanese, the word for blue (? Ao) is often used for colors that English speakers will refer to in green, such as the color of traffic signals meaning "to go". (For more on this subject, see Distinguish blue from green in the language)
Linguistic research shows that language does not start with having a word for blue. Color names are often developed individually in natural language, usually starting with black and white (or dark and light), and then adding red, and just a lot later - usually as the last major category of colors received in the language - adds blue, perhaps when the blue pigment can be produced reliably in the culture of using that language.
Science and nature
Optics
The human eye looks blue when observing light that has a dominant wavelength of about 450-495 nanometers. Blues with higher frequencies and thus shorter wavelengths gradually look more purple, while those with lower frequencies and longer wavelengths gradually appear greener. Pure blue, in the center, has a wavelength of 470 nanometers.
Isaac Newton incorporated the blue as one of seven colors in his first description of the visible spectrum. He chose seven colors because that was the number of notes on the musical scale, which he believed to be related to the optical spectrum. It includes indigo, the color between blue and purple, as one separate color, although today it is usually considered a blue color.
In traditional painting and color theory, blue is one of the three main colors of pigment (red, yellow, blue), which can be mixed to form different colors. Red and blue mixed forming violet, blue and yellow together forming green color. Mixing the three primary colors together produces dark gray. From the Renaissance to the next, painters used this system to create their color. (See RYB color system.)
The RYB model was used for color printing by Jacob Christoph Le Blon in early 1725. Later, the printer found that more accurate colors could be made using a combination of magenta, cyan, yellow and black ink, inserted into separate ink plates and then coated. one by one to the paper. This method can produce almost any color in the spectrum with reasonable accuracy.
In the 19th century Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell invented a new way to explain color, with their wavelengths of light. He points out that white light can be created by combining red, blue and green light, and that almost any color can be created with different combinations of these three colors. The idea, called the color additive or RGB color model, is used today to create colors on television and computer screens. The screen is covered by small pixels, each with three neon elements to create red, green and blue light. If the red, blue and green elements all shine at once, the pixels look white. When the screen is scanned from behind with electrons, each pixel creates a self-defined color, composing the complete image on the screen.
On the color wheel of HSV, the complement of blue is yellow; that is, the color corresponding to the same red and green light mixture. On the color wheel based on traditional color theory (RYB) where blue is considered the primary color, complementary colors are considered orange (based on Munsell color wheel).
Pigments and dyes
The blue pigment is made of minerals, especially the lazuli layer and azurite ( Cu
3 (CO
3 ) > 2 (OH)
2 ) . These minerals are crushed, ground into powder, then mixed with fast dry binders, such as egg yolk (tempera painting); or with dry-drying oil, such as linseed oil, for oil paintings. To make the glass blue, cobalt blue (cobalt (II) aluminate: CoAl
2 O
4 ) pigments mixed with glass. Other common blue pigments made of minerals are ultramarine ( Na 8-10 Al
6 Si
6 O
24 S 2- 4 ), sky-blue (especially cobalt (II) stanate: Co
2 SnO
4 ), and Prussian blue (milori blue: especially Fe
7 (CN)
18 ).
Natural dyes for fabrics and color rugs are made from plants. Woad and true indigo are used to produce indigo dyes used to dye blue or indigo fabrics. Since the 18th century, natural blue dyes have largely been replaced by synthetic dyes.
Reflex blue is used to be the name of the common blue pigment in the manufacture of inks. In the 1960s, the name was adopted into a special Pantone Matching System (PMS) to refer to this particular pigment. Pantone "Reflex Blue" has a peculiarity identified only by this name, and not by a number code.
Scientific natural standards
- Spectrum spectrum Cu 2
- The electronic spectrum of aqua-ion Cu (H
2 O) 2
6
Why the sky and sea look blue
Of the colors in the visible spectrum of light, blue has a very short wavelength, while red has the longest wavelength. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, blue wavelengths are spread more widely by oxygen and nitrogen molecules, and more blue comes into our eyes. This effect is called Rayleigh scattering, after Lord Rayleigh, a British physicist who discovered it. It was confirmed by Albert Einstein in 1911.
Near sunrise and sunset, most of the light we see comes almost tangent to the surface of the Earth, so the path of light through the atmosphere is so long that many blue and green lights are scattered out, leaving the sunlight and clouds illuminating the red. Therefore, when you see the sunset and the sun rise, the red is clearer than the other colors.
The ocean is seen as blue for almost the same reason: water absorbs longer red wavelengths and reflects and spreads blue, which comes to the eye of the observer. The color of the ocean is also influenced by the color of the sky, reflected by particles in the water; and with algae and plant life in water, which can make it look green; or sediment, which can make it look brown.
The Atmosphere Perspective
The farther an object, the more it often appears to the eye. For example, distant mountains often appear blue. This is the effect from an atmospheric perspective; the farther away an object from the viewer, the less contrast between the object and the background color, which is usually blue. In a painting where the different parts of the composition are blue, green and red, the blue will appear farther away, and the red is closer to the viewer. The cooler the color, the farther it seems.
Astronomy
o The blue giant is the largest star type. A blue supergiant is even bigger.
Blue eye
Blue eyes do not actually contain blue pigments. Eye color is determined by two factors: iris pigmentation and light scattering by a cloudy medium in the iris stroma. In humans, iris pigmentation varies from light brown to black. The appearance of blue, green, and brown eyes results from Rayleigh light rays on the stroma, an optical effect similar to what causes the blueness of the sky. The iris of people's eyes with blue eyes contains less dark melanin than people with brown eyes, which means that they absorb blue light that is less wavelength, which is instead reflected to the viewer. Eye color also varies depending on the lighting conditions, especially for brighter colored eyes.
Blue eyes are most common in Ireland, the Baltic Sea region and Northern Europe, and are also found in Eastern, Central, and Southern Europe. Blue eyes are also found in parts of Western Asia, especially in Afghanistan, Syria, Iraq, and Iran. In Estonia, 99% of people have blue eyes. In Denmark 30 years ago, only 8% of the population had brown eyes, though through immigration, today it is about 11%. In Germany, about 75% have blue eyes.
In the United States, in 2006, one in every six people, or 16.6% of the total population, and 22.3% of the white population, had blue eyes, compared with about half the Americans born in 1900, and one third of Americans born in 1950. Blue eyes are becoming less common among American children. In the US, boys are 3-5 percent more likely to have blue eyes than girls.
Laser
Lasers that radiate in the blue region of the spectrum become widely available to the public in 2010 with the release of cheap diode 445-447nm laser technology. Previously blue wavelengths can only be accessed via expensive and inefficient DPSS, but this technology is still widely used by the scientific community for applications including optogenetics, Raman spectroscopy, and particle image velocimetry, due to its superior spotlight quality. Blue gas lasers are also still commonly used for holography, DNA sequencing, optical pumping, and other scientific and medical applications.
History
In the ancient world
Blue is a latecomer among colors used in art and decoration, as well as language and literature. Red, black, brown, and ocher are found in cave paintings of the Young Paleolithic period, but not blue. Blue is also not used to dye cloth until long after red, ocher, pink and purple. This may be due to the enduring difficulties of making good dyes and blue pigments. The earliest blue dye is known to be made of plants - woad in Europe, indigo in Asia and Africa, while blue pigments are made of minerals, usually lapis lazuli or azurite.
Lapis lazuli, semi-precious stones, have been mined in Afghanistan for over three thousand years, and are exported to all parts of the ancient world. In Iran and Mesopotamia, it is used to make jewelry and ships. In Egypt, it was used for eyebrows on King Tutankhamun's funeral mask (1341-1323 BC). Importing lapis lazuli with a caravan across the desert from Afghanistan to Egypt is very expensive. Beginning in about 2500 BC, the ancient Egyptians began to produce their own blue pigment known as the Egyptian blue by grinding silica, lime, copper, and alkalai, and heating it to 800 or 900 ° C (1,470 or 1,650 ° F). This is considered the first synthetic pigment. The Egyptian blue color is used to paint wood, papyrus and canvas, and is used to dye glazes to make beads, inlays, and pots. It's mainly used in funeral sculptures and sculptures and grave paintings. Blue is considered a lucrative color that will protect the dead against evil in the afterlife. Blue dye is also used to dye the fabric in which the mummy is wrapped.
In blue Egypt is associated with the sky and with divinity. Egyptian god Amun can make his skin blue so he can fly, invisible, across the sky. Blue can also protect against crime; many people around the Mediterranean still wear blue talismans, representing the eyes of God, to protect them from misfortune. Blue glass was produced in Mesopotamia and Egypt in the early 2500 BC, using the same copper material as the Egyptian blue pigment. They also added cobalt, which produced the deeper blue color, the same blue produced in the Middle Ages in the stained glass windows of Saint-Denis and Chartres cathedrals. The ancient Babylonian Gate of Ishtar (604-562 BC) is adorned with dark blue bricks used as a backdrop for lions, dragons, and auroch images.
The ancient Greeks classified the colors by whether they were light or dark, not by their color. The Greek word for dark blue, kyaneos , can also mean dark green, purple, black or brown. The ancient Greek word for light blue, glaukos , can also mean light green, gray, or yellow. The Greeks imported indigo dyes from India, calling them an indicon. They used the Egyptian blue on the walls of Knossos's paintings, in Crete, (2100 BC). It is not one of the four main colors for the Greek painting depicted by Pliny the Elder (red, yellow, black, and white), but still it is used as the background color behind the friezes in Greek temples and to color the Greek beard Statues.
The Romans also imported indigo dyes, but blue was the color of the working class clothing; the nobles and the rich wear white, black, red or purple. Blue is considered the color of mourning, and the color of barbarians. Julius Caesar reports that the Celts and the Germans color their faces in blue to frighten their enemies, and dye their hair blue when they grow old. Nevertheless, the Romans used blue for decoration. According Vitruvius, they make dark blue pigments from indigo, and import Egyptian blue pigments. The walls of the Roman villas in Pompeii have brilliant blue sky paintings, and blue pigments are found in color merchant shops. The Romans have many different words for the blue varieties, including caeruleus , caesius , glaucus , cyaneus , lividus , venetus , aerius , and ferreus , but two words, both of foreign origin, being the most enduring; blavus , from the Germanic blau , which eventually becomes bleu or blue; and azureus , from the Arabic word lazaward , which is blue.
In the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic World
Dark blue is widely used in church decoration in the Byzantine Empire. In the art Byzantine Christ and the Virgin Mary usually wear dark blue or purple. Blue is used as the background color that represents the sky in a magnificent mosaic decorated Byzantine churches.
In the Islamic world, blue has a secondary interest in green, which is believed to be the favorite color of the Prophet Muhammad. At certain times in Spanish Moors and other parts of the Islamic world, the color blue is the color used by Christians and Jews, as only Muslims are allowed to wear white and green. Decorative tiles of deep blue and turquoise are widely used to decorate the facades and interior mosques and palaces from Spain to Central Asia. Lapis lazuli pigment is also used to create rich blues in Persian miniature.
During the Middle Ages
In the art and life of Europe during the early Middle Ages, the blue color played a small role. The nobles wore red or purple, while only the poor were dressed in blue, colored with poor-quality dyes made of woad plants. Blue does not play a part in rich clerical costumes or architecture or church decorations. This changed dramatically between 1130 and 1140 in Paris, when Abbe Suger rebuilt the Saint Denis Basilica. He installed a stained-glass window with cobalt, combined with light from a red glass, filled the church with a bluish-purple light. The church became a miracle of the Christian world, and it was known as "bleu de Saint-Denis". In later years, even more elegant blue glass windows were installed in other churches, including at Chartres Cathedral and Sainte-Chapelle in Paris.
Another important factor in the increase of blue prestige in the 12th century was the cult of the Virgin Mary, and the color change used to describe her clothes. In previous centuries his robes were usually painted in black, gray, purple, dark green or dark blue. In the 12th century, the Roman Catholic Church dictated painters in Italy (and other parts of Europe) to paint the Virgin Mary with the most expensive new pigments imported from Asia; Navy blue. Blue becomes associated with holiness, humility, and virtue.
Ultramarine is made from lapis lazuli, from the Badakshan mine, in the mountains of Afghanistan, near the source of the Oxus River. The mine was visited by Marco Polo in about 1271; he reports, "here found a high mountain from which they extracted the best and most beautiful blues." The soil is used in Byzantine manuscripts since the 6th century, but is impure and varies greatly in color. Ultramarine purifies impurities through a long and difficult process, creating rich and deep blue colors. It's called bleu outremer in French and blu oltremare in Italian, because it comes from the other side of the ocean. It costs so much more than any other color, and it becomes a luxurious color for the Kings and the European Prince.
King Louis IX of France, better known as Saint Louis (1214-1270), became the first French king to dress in blue regularly. It was copied by other nobles. The mystical painting of King Arthur begins to show him in blue. The coat of French kings becomes a blue or light blue shield, sprinkled with fleur-de-lis or golden lilies. Blue comes from obscurity to be the color of the kingdom.
After the blue became the king's color, it also became the color of the rich and powerful in Europe. In the Middle Ages in France and to some extent in Italy, the dyeing of blue cloth was subject to the license of the crown or state. In Italy, blue dyeing is assigned to certain guilds, tintori di guado, and can not be done by others without heavy penalties. Wearing blue implies self-worth and wealth.
In addition to ultramarine, several other blues were widely used in the Middle Ages and later in the Renaissance. Azurite, a form of copper carbonate, is often used as an ultramarine replacement. The Romans used it by armenius, or Armenian stone. The British call it the Amayne blue, or the German blue. The Germans themselves call it bergblau, or mountain rock. It's mined in France, Hungary, Spain and Germany, and it makes pale blue with a bit of green, which is ideal for painting the sky. It was the favorite background color of German painter Albrecht DÃÆ'¼rer.
Another blue that is often used in the Middle Ages is called tournesol or folium. It is made from the tinctoria plant Crozophora, which grows in the south of France. It makes a nice transparent blue color appreciated in medieval texts.
The other common blue pigment is smalt, which is made by grinding the cobalt blue glass into a fine powder. It makes a violet blue color similar to ultramarine, and lives in the fresco, but loses some of its brilliance in oil paintings. It became very popular in the 17th century, when ultramarine was difficult to obtain. It was used in time by Titian, Tintoretto, Veronese, El Greco, Van Dyck, Rubens and Rembrandt.
In the European Renaissance
In the Renaissance, the revolution takes place in paintings; artists begin to paint the world as it is actually seen, with perspective, depth, shadow, and light from a single source. Artists must adjust the use of blue with new rules. In medieval paintings, blue is used to draw the attention of viewers to the Virgin Mary, and identify itself. In Renaissance paintings, artists try to create harmony between blue and red, brightening blue with white lead paint and adding shadows and highlights. Raphael is this engineer, carefully balancing the colors red and blue so there is no color that dominates the image.
Ultramarine is the most prestigious blue color in the Renaissance, and sometimes the patron says it is used in the paintings they command. The contract for Madone des Harpies by Andrea del Sarto (1514) requires that Mary's robes be colored at the cost of ultramarine "at least five florins an ounce." Good ultramarine is more expensive than gold; in 1508 German painter Albrecht DÃÆ'¼rer reported in a letter that he had paid twelve ducats - the equivalent of forty-one grams of gold - for only thirty grams of ultramarine.
Often painters or clients save money by using cheaper blues, such as azurite smalt, or pigments made with indigo, but this sometimes creates a problem. Pigments made from azurite are cheaper, but tend to turn dark and green over time. An example is the Virgin Mary's robe at The Madonna Enthroned with Saints by Raphael at the Metropolitan Museum in New York. The Virgin Mary's azurite robe has degenerated into a greenish black.
The introduction of oil paintings changes the way the colors look and how they are used. Ultramarine pigments, for example, are much darker when used in oil painting than when used in tempera paintings, in frescos. To balance their color, Renaissance artists like Raphael add white to brighten ultramarine. The dreary dark blue robe of the Virgin Mary became a brilliant sky-blue. Titian creates his rich blues by using many thin layers of paint with different blue and blue colors that allow light to pass through, which makes complex and glowing colors, like stained glass. He also uses a finely ground or coarsely ground ultramarine coating, which provides subtle variations to the blue.
Blue and white china
In about the 9th century, Chinese craftsmen abandoned the blue Han color they had been using for centuries, and started using cobalt blue, made with cobalt alumina salt, to produce fine blue and white porcelain, plates and vases molded, dried, paint applied with a brush, covered with a clear glaze, then fired at high temperatures. Beginning in the 14th century, this type of porcelain is exported in large quantities to Europe where it inspires the whole style of art, called Chinoiserie. The European Court tried for years to imitate Chinese blue and white porcelain, but only succeeded in the 18th century after a missionary brought back the secret from China.
Pola putih dan biru lainnya yang terkenal muncul di Delft, Meissen, Staffordshire, dan Saint Petersburg, Rusia.
Perang blues - indigo versus woad
While blue is an expensive and prestigious color in European paintings, it becomes a common color for clothing during the Renaissance. The rise of blue in fashion in the 12th and 13th centuries led to the blue dye industry in several cities, notably Amiens, Toulouse, and Erfurt. They made a dye called a pastel from woad, a common plant in Europe, which has been used to make blue dyes by the Celtic and German tribes. Blue became the color worn by households and craftsmen, not just nobles. In 1570, when Pope Pius V listed colors that could be used for ecclesiastical clothing and for the decoration of the altar, he set aside the blue color, because he considered it too general.
The process of making blue with long and dangerous woad - it involves soaking the leaves of plants for three days to a week in human urine, ideally urine from men who have drunk a lot of alcohol, which is said to enhance the color. The fabric is then soaked for a day in the resulting mixture, then placed in the sun, where when it dries it becomes blue.
The pastel industry was threatened in the fifteenth century by the arrival of India with the same dye (indigo), derived from a bush that is widely grown in Asia. Asian indigo dye precursors are easier to obtain. In 1498, Vasco de Gama opened a trade route to import indigo from India to Europe. In India, tilapia is soaked in water, fermented, pressed into a cake, dried into bricks, then brought to the ports of London, Marseille, Genoa, and Bruges. Then, in the 17th century, England, Spain and the Netherlands established indigo estates in Jamaica, South Carolina, the Virgin Islands and South America, and began importing American tilapia into Europe.
Countries with large and affluent pastel industries are trying to block the use of indigo. The German government banned the use of indigo in 1577, describing it as "destructive, deceitful and corrosive substances, Satanic dyes." In France, Henry IV, in 1609 decree, prohibits under the pain of death the use of "fake and destructive Indian medicine". It was banned in England until 1611, when British merchants established their own indigo industry in India and began importing it to Europe.
Attempts to block indigo go to waste; indigo blue quality is too high and the price is too low for pastels made from woad to compete. In 1737, the governments of France and Germany finally allowed the use of indigo. It destroys the dye industry in Toulouse and other pastel-producing cities, but creates a new indigo trade that is expanding to seaports such as Bordeaux, Nantes and Marseille.
Another war of blues took place in the late 19th century, between indigo and synthetic indigo, which was discovered in 1868 by the German chemist Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer. The German chemical company BASF put a new dye on the market in 1897, in direct competition with the UK-run indigo industry in India, which produces most of the world's indigo. In 1897 England sold ten thousand tons of natural tilapia on the world market, while BASF sold six hundred tons of synthetic tilapia. The British industry cuts prices and reduces the salaries of its workers, but can not compete; synthetic pure indigo, a deeper blue color, and does not depend on good or bad harvest. In 1911, India sold only 660 tons of natural tilapia, while BASF sold 22,000 tons of synthetic tilapia. In 2002, more than 38,000 tons of synthetic tilapia were produced, often for the production of blue jeans.
Blue uniform
In the 17th century, Frederick William, Voter of Brandenburg, was one of the first rulers to give his military uniform. The reason is economic; the German states are trying to protect their pastel dye industry against competition from imported indigo dyes. When Brandenburg became the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, a uniform color was adopted by the Prussian army. Most of the Germans wore dark blue uniforms until the First World War, with the exception of Bavarians, who wore light blue.
Thanks in part to the availability of indigo dyes, the 18th century saw the widespread use of blue military uniforms. Prior to 1748, British naval officers wore only high-class civil clothing and wigs. In 1748, the British uniform for naval officers was officially designated as a colored embroidered coat which came to be called navy blue, now known as navy blue. When the United States Continental Navy was created in 1775, most copied British uniforms and colors.
At the end of the 18th century, the blue uniform became a symbol of freedom and revolution. In October 1774, even before the United States declared its independence, George Mason and a hundred Virginia neighbors from George Washington organized a volunteer militia unit (Fairfax City Independent Volunteer Company) and chose Washington's honorary commander. For their uniform, they chose blue and buffalo colors, Whig Party colors, opposition parties in Britain, whose policies were supported by George Washington and many other patriots in the American colonies.
When the Continental Army was founded in 1775 at the outbreak of the American Revolution, the first Continental Congress declared that the official uniform color would be brown, but this was unpopular among many militia, whose officers were already wearing blue. In 1778, Congress asked George Washington to design a new uniform, and in 1779 Washington made the official color of the blue uniform and the lover. Blue continues to be the color of the US Army field uniform until 1902, and still the uniform color of the dress.
In France, Gardes FranÃÆ'§aises, an elite regiment that protects Louis XVI, wore a dark blue uniform with red ornaments. In 1789, the soldiers gradually changed their loyalty from the king to the people, and they played a major role in the raid of the Bastille. After the fall of Bastille, new armed forces, Garde Nationale, was formed under the command of Marquis de Lafayette, who had served with George Washington in America. Lafayette gives the Garde Nationale a dark blue uniform similar to that of the Continental Army. Blue became the color of the revolutionary army, opposed to the white uniforms of Royalis and Austria.
Napoleon Bonaparte abandoned many of the French Revolution's doctrines but he remained blue as a uniform color for his troops, although he had great difficulty obtaining blue dye, since the British controlled the oceans and blocked the import of indigo into France. Napoleon was forced to color a uniform with woad, which had an inferior blue color. French soldiers wore a dark blue uniform coat with red pants until 1915, when found to be a target too visible on the battlefield of World War I. It was replaced with a bright blue-gray uniform called the blue horizon.
Blue is the color of freedom and revolution in the 18th century, but in the nineteenth century it became the color of government authority, the color of police uniforms and other civil servants. It is considered serious and authoritative, without threatening. In 1829, when Robert Peel invented the first London Metropolitan Police, he made the colors of the uniform jacket dark, almost black-blue, to make the police look different from the soldiers, who until then had been patrolling the streets. The traditional blue jacket with London "bobbie" silver buttons was not left until the mid-1990s, when replaced with a light blue shirt and jumper or color sweater officially known as blue NATO.
The New York City Police Department, which mimicked the London Metropolitan Police, was formed in 1844, and in 1853 they were officially given the navy blue uniform, the colors they wear today.
Blue Navy is one of the most popular school uniform colors, with Toronto Catholic District School Board adopting a dress code that requires students to wear white uniform and blue ass.
Find the perfect blue color
During the 17th and 18th centuries, chemists in Europe tried to find ways to make synthetic blue pigments, avoiding the cost of importing and grinding lapis lazuli, azurite and other minerals. The Egyptians had created a synthetic, Egyptian blue color, three thousand years before Christ, but the formula was gone. The Chinese have also made synthetic pigments, but the formula is unknown in the west.
In 1709, a German pharmacist and pigment maker named Johann Jacob Diesbach accidentally discovered a new blue color while experimenting with potassium and iron sulphide. The new color was first called the blue Berlin, but came to be known as the Prussian blue. In 1710 it was used by French painter Antoine Watteau, and later his successor Nicolas Lancret. It became very popular for wallpaper making, and in the 19th century it was widely used by French impressionist painters.
Beginning in the 1820s, Prussian blue was imported into Japan via the port of Nagasaki. It's called bero-ai , or Berlin blue, and it's becoming popular because it does not fade like a traditional Japanese blue pigment, ai-gami , made of sunflower. Prussian blue is used by Hokusai, in his famous waves painting, and Hiroshige.
In 1824, the SocietÃÆ' Â © pour l'Encouragement d'Industrie in France offered a gift for the discovery of artificial ultramarine that could match the natural colors made from lapis lazuli. The prize was won in 1826 by a chemist named Jean Baptiste Guimet, but he refused to reveal the color formula. In 1828, another scientist, Christian Gmelin, a chemistry professor at TÃÆ'¼bingen, invented the process and published the formula. This is the beginning of a new industry for producing artificial ultramarine, which eventually almost completely replaces natural products.
In 1878 a German chemist named a. Von Baeyer invented a synthetic substitute for indigotine, an indigo active ingredient. This product gradually replaced the natural tilapia, and after the end of the First World War, it ended the indigo trade of the East Indies and West Indies.
In 1901, a new synthetic blue dye, called Indanthrone blue, was discovered, which had greater resistance to fading during washing or in the sun. These dyes gradually replaced the artificial tilapia, whose production ceased around 1970. Today almost all blue clothing is dyed with indantrone blue.
Impressionist painter
The discovery of new synthetic pigments in the 18th and 19th centuries is very bright and expands the painter's palette. J.M.W. Turner experimented with the new cobalt blue, and of the twenty colors most widely used by Impressionists, twelve colors are new and synthetic colors, including cobalt blue, navy blue and blue.
Another important influence on painting in the 19th century was the complementary color theory, developed by French chemist Michel Eugene Chevreul in 1828 and published in 1839. He pointed out that placing complementary colors, such as blue and yellow-orange or navy blue and yellow , in addition to each other increasing the intensity of each color "into their apogee tone of voice." In 1879, an American physicist, Ogden Rood, published a book that maps the complementary colors of each color in the spectrum. The principle of this painting was used by Claude Monet in his book Impression - Sunrise - Fog (1872), where he laid a bright blue color next to the bright orange sun, (1872) and in the RÃÆ' Â © gate ÃÆ' Argenteuil (1872), where he painted the orange sun with blue water. The colors are mutually enlightening. Renoir uses the same contrast with cobalt blue water and orange sun at Canotage sur la Seine (1879-1880). Both Monet and Renoir love to use pure colors, without any mixture.
Monet and impressionists are among the first to observe that the shadows are colorful. In his book La Gare Saint-Lazare, gray smoke, dark vapor and shadow are actually a mixture of bright pigments, including cobalt blue, serulean blue, synthetic ultramarine, emerald green, guillet green, yellow chrome, vermilion and red ecarlate. Blue is the favorite color of the impressionist painter, who uses it not only to describe nature but to create mood, feeling, and atmosphere. Cobalt blue, cobalt-oxide oxide oxide pigment, is the favorite of Auguste Renoir and Vincent van Gogh. It is similar to the smalt, the pigments used for centuries to make blue glass, but it was greatly improved by French chemist Louis Jacques Thà © nard, who introduced it in 1802. It was very stable but very expensive. Van Gogh wrote to his brother Theo, "'Cobalt [blue] is a divine color and nothing is so wonderful to put an atmosphere around..."
Van Gogh describes to his brother, Theo, how he composed the sky: "The dark blue sky is visible with darker blue clouds than the intense cobalt fundamental blue, and the other is lighter blue, like the bluish white of the Milky Way. dark, blue sea, a kind of purple and bright red as I see it, and in the sand dunes, some prussious blue shrubs. "
Blue settings
Blue was first the color of high fashion of the rich and powerful in Europe in the 13th century, when it was worn by Louis IX of France, better known as Saint Louis (1214-1270). Wearing the implicit dignity and blue treasure, and the blue dress is limited to the nobility. However, the blue was replaced by black as the color of power in the 14th century, when European princes, and later merchants and bankers, wanted to show their seriousness, dignity and piety (see Black).
Blue gradually returned to court mode in the 17th century, as part of a palette of vibrantly colored peacocks indicated by a very elaborate costume. The modern blue business suit is rooted in England in the mid-17th century. After the London outbreak of 1665 and the London fire of 1666, King Charles II of England ordered palace officials to wear simple coats, vests and panties, and color palettes to be blue, gray, white and buffalo. Widely imitated, this menswear style became almost a uniform of London-class merchants and men of English country.
During the American Revolution, the leader of the Whig Party in England, Charles James Fox, wore a blue coat and waistcoat vest and pants, Whig Party color and George Washington uniform, whose principles he supported. Men's suits followed the basic form of military uniforms at the time, especially cavalry uniforms.
At the beginning of the 19th century, during the reign of King George IV, the blue suit was overhauled by a retainer named George Beau Brummel. Brummel creates a suit that fits perfectly with human form. The new style has a long tail coat cut to fit the body and tight pants to replace the knee pants and stockings of the previous century. He uses plain colors, like blue and gray, to focus on body shape, not clothing. Brummel observes, "If people turn to see you on the street, you're not dressed nice." This mode was adopted by Prince Regent, then by Londoners and upper classes. Originally coats and trousers of different colors, but in the 19th century a single color suit became fashionable. By the end of the 19th century a black suit had become a business uniform in Britain and America. In the 20th century, most black suits were replaced by dark blue or gray suits.
In the 20th and 21st centuries
At the beginning of the 20th century, many artists recognized the emotional strength of the blue, and made it the main element of painting. During the Blue Period (1901-1904) Pablo Picasso uses blue and green, with almost no warm colors, to create a melancholy mood. In Russia, the symbolic painter Pavel Kuznetsov and the Blue Rose art group (1906-1908) used blue to create a fantastic and exotic atmosphere. In Germany, Wassily Kandinsky and other Russian migrants form an art group called Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider), and use blue to symbolize spirituality and eternity. Henri Matisse uses intense blues to express the emotions her audience wants. Matisse wrote, "Certain blue colors pierce your soul."
In the art of the second half of the twentieth century, abstract expressionist painters began to use blue and other colors in pure form, without any effort to represent anything, to inspire ideas and emotions. Painter Mark Rothko observes that color is "just an instrument;" his interest is "in expressing the tragedies of human emotions, ecstasy, doom, and so on."
In blue mode, especially dark blue, it is seen as a serious color but not gloomy. In the mid-20th century, blue became black as the most common color of men's business attire, a costume typically worn by political and business leaders. Public polls in the United States and Europe show that blue is the favorite color of over fifty percent of respondents. Green is far behind with twenty percent, while white and red each receive about eight percent.
In 1873 a German immigrant in San Francisco, Levi Strauss, created a kind of sturdy working pants, made of denim and colored with indigo dyes, called blue jeans. In 1935, they were elevated to the high fashion level by Vogue magazine. Beginning in the 1950s, they became an important part of youth uniforms in the United States, Europe, and around the world.
Blue is also seen as an authoritative color without threatening. After the Second World War, blue was adopted as the color of important international organizations, including the UN, the European Council, UNESCO, the European Union, and NATO. UN peacekeepers wear blue helmets to emphasize the role of their peacekeepers. Blue is used by the NATO Military Symbol for Land Based Systems to show friendly troops, hence the term "blue in blue" for friendly fire, and Blue Force Tracking for friendly unit locations. The Chinese People's Liberation Army (formerly known as "Red Army") uses the term "Blue Army" to refer to enemy troops during training.
The 20th century saw the discovery of new ways of creating blue, such as chemiluminescence, making blue light through chemical reactions.
In the 20th century, it became possible to have your own blue color. French artist Yves Klein, with the help of a French painter, created a special blue color called Blue Klein International, which he patented. It's made of ultramarine combined with a resin called Rhodopa, which gives it a very brilliant color. The Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team developed their own blue color, called Dodger blue, and several American universities created a new blue color for their colors.
With the dawning of the World Wide Web, blue has become the standard color for hyperlinks in graphics browsers (though most browser links turn purple if you visit their targets), to make their presence in the text clear to the reader.
In the world culture
- In English, blue often represents the emotions of human sadness, for example, "She feels blue".
- In German, a "blue" ( blau sein ) should be drunk. This is derived from the ancient use of urine, especially male urine who has been drinking alcohol in coloring a blue cloth with woad or indigo. It may also be related to rain, which is usually thought of as a trigger for depressive emotions.
- Blue can sometimes represent happiness and optimism in popular songs, usually referring to the blue sky.
- In German, someone who regularly sees the world with blue eyes is somewhat naive.
- Blue is usually used in the western hemisphere to symbolize boys, in contrast to the pink used for girls. In the early 1900s, blue was the color for girls, because it is traditionally the color of the Virgin Mary in Western Art, while pink for boys (because it is similar to red, considered a masculine color). li>
- In China, blue is commonly associated with torture, ghosts, and death. In traditional Chinese opera, the character with the blue face of the powder is a villain.
- In Turkey and Central Asia, blue is the color of grief.
- The people of the Tuaregs in North Africa wore blue turbans called tagelmust, which protected them from the sun and the desert winds of the Sahara. It was stained with indigo. Instead of using a dye, which uses precious water, tagelmust is stained by mashing it with indigo powder. The blue color transfers to the skin, where it is seen as a sign of nobility and prosperity. Early visitors call them "Blue Men" from the Sahara.
- In the culture of the Hopi people in southwestern America, the blue symbolizes the west, which is seen as the home of death. The dream of someone carrying blue feathers is considered a bad omen.
- In Thailand, blue is associated with Friday on the Thai sun calendar. Anyone can wear blue on Fridays and anyone born on Friday can adopt a blue color as their color.
As national and international colors
Blue was first used as a gender marker just before World War I (for women or men), and was first defined as male gender markers in the 1940s.
Music
- Blues is a popular music form created in the United States in the 19th century by African-American musicians, based on African music roots. Usually expresses sadness and sadness.
- The blue tone is a musical note sung or played with a slightly lower tone than a large scale for expressive purposes, making it sound slightly melancholy. It's often used in jazz and blues.
- Bluegrass is an American country music subgenre, born in Kentucky and the Appalachians. It comes from traditional Scottish folk music, and Ireland.
Transportation
- In many countries, blue is often used as a color for guidance on the road. In the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Equipment used in the United States, as well as in other countries with MUTCD-inspired beacons, blue is often used to indicate rider service.
- Many bus and railway systems around the world that color code rails usually include the Blue Line.
- The blue color has also been used extensively by several airlines.
- Delta Air Lines has been using colo
Source of the article : Wikipedia
- Delta Air Lines has been using colo
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