Art Nouveau ( ; French: Ã, [a? nuvo] ) is an international art style, architecture and applied art, especially decorative arts, most popular between 1890 and 1910. The reactions to 19th century academic art, inspired by Celtic art and natural forms and structures, curved plants and flowers.
English uses the name French Art Nouveau (new art). This style is related to, but not identical to, the style that appears in many European countries at nearly the same time: in Austria known as Secessionsstil after Wiener Secession ; in Spanish Modernismo ; in Catalan Modernism ; in Czech Secese ; in Denmark SkÃÆ'¸nvirke or Jugendstil ; in German Jugendstil , Art Nouveau or Reformstil ; in Hungary Szecesszió ; in Art Nouveau Italy, Stile Liberty or Stile floreale ; in Norwegian Jugendstil ; in Polish Secesja ; in Slovak Secesia ; in Ukrainian and Russian languages ​​ ?????? (Modern); in Sweden and Finland Jugend .
Art Nouveau is a total art style: It covers a variety of fine art and decorative, including architecture, painting, graphic arts, interior design, jewelry, furniture, textiles, ceramics, glass art, and metal work.
In 1910, Art Nouveau was outdated. It was replaced as the first dominant European architectural and decorative style by Art Deco and later by Modernism.
Video Art Nouveau
Naming
Art Nouveau takes its name from the Maison de l'Art Nouveau ( House of the New Art ), an art gallery opened in 1895 by Franco-German art dealer Siegfried Bing who featuring a new style. In France, Art Nouveau is also sometimes referred to by the English term "Modern Style" because of its roots in the Arts and Crafts movement, Moderne Style , or Style 1900. also sometimes called Jules Verne Style , Le Style MÃÆ' Â © tro (after the iron doors and entrance of Hector Guimard subway), Belle Art ÃÆ' â € ° poque >, and Art of fin de siÃÆ'¨cle .
In Belgium, where the architecture movement begins, it is sometimes called nouille Style (noodle style) or Coup de fouet style (whiplash style).
In the UK, it is known as the Modern Style, or, because of the Arts and Crafts movement headed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, as a "Glasgow" style.
In Italy, due to the design popularity of Liberty & amp; London; Co department store (mostly designed by Archibald Knox), it's sometimes called Stile Liberty ("Liberty Style"),
In the United States, due to his relationship with Louis Comfort Tiffany, it is often called the "Tiffany style".
In Germany and Scandinavia, related forces emerged at almost the same time; it's called Jugendstil , after the famous German art magazine with that name. In Austria and the neighboring countries that form part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a similar style emerged, called Secessionsstil in German, (Hungarian: szecessziÃÆ'Â Di , Czech: secese ) or Wiener Jugendstil , after artists from Vienna Secession.
In Spain the related styles are known as Modernism, Modernism, Cat Art, and Art and in Portugal Arte nova (new art).
In Russia, it's called Modern, and Jugendstil ( ??????? ), and Nieuwe Kunst (new art) in the Netherlands.
Some names refer specifically to popular organic forms among Art Nouveau artists: Stile Floreal ("flower style") in France; Most Stijl ("eel style") in the Netherlands; and Wellenstil ("wave style") and Lilienstil ("lily style") in Germany.
Maps Art Nouveau
History
Origins
The new art movement is rooted in England, in the flower design of William Morris, and in the Arts and Crafts movement founded by Morris students. Early prototypes of the style included the Red House of Morris (1859), and the fancy Peacock Room by James Abbott McNeill Whistler. The new movement was also strongly influenced by Pre-Raphael painters, including Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Edward Burne-Jones, and especially by British graphic artists of the 1880s, including Selwyn Image, Heywood Sumner, Walter Crane, Alfred Gilbert, and especially Aubrey Beardsley.
In France, style combines several different trends. In architecture, it is influenced by architectural theorists and historian EugÃÆ'¨ne Viollet-le-Duc, a declared enemy of the historic Beaux-Arts architectural style. In his 1872 Entretien sur l'architecture, he wrote, "use the means and knowledge given to us in our day, without the tradition of interference that is no longer feasible today, and in that way we can inaugurated the new architecture, for each material function, for every material of its form and ornament. "This book affects generations of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, and Antoni GaudÃÆ'..
French painter Maurice Denis, Pierre Bonnard and ÃÆ' â € ° douard Vuillard play an important role in integrating painting with decorations. "I believe that before all the paintings have to be decorated," Denis wrote in 1891. "The choice of subject or scene is nothing, based on the value of the tone, the colored surface and the line harmony I can achieve with passion and emotion." - these painters all perform both traditional paintings and decorative paintings on display, in glass, and in other media.
Another important influence on the new style is Japonism: a wave of enthusiasm for Japanese woodblock printing, in particular the works of Hiroshige, Hokusai, and Utagawa Kunisada that were imported into Europe in the early 1870s. Siegfried Bing, who actively founded the monthly journal, Le Japon artist in 1888, published 36 issues before ending in 1891. This affected both collectors and artists, including Gustav Klimt. The stylish features of Japanese prints appear in Art Nouveau graphics, porcelain, jewelry, and furniture.
New technology in printing and publishing allows Art Nouveau to quickly reach global audiences. Art magazines, illustrated with color photographs and lithographs, play an important role in popularizing the new style. The Studio in the UK, Arts et idÃÆ'¨es and Art et dÃÆ' Â © coration in France, and Jugend in Germany let the force spread rapidly to all corners of Europe. Aubrey Beardsley in England, and Eugène Grasset, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and FÃÆ' Â © lix Vallotton gained international recognition as illustrators.
With posters by Jules Cheret for Loie Fuller dancer in 1893, and by Alphonse Mucha for actress Sarah Bernhardt in 1895, the poster became not only advertising, but also an art form. Toulouse-Lautrec and other artists attained the status of international celebrities.
Maison de l'Art Nouveau (1895)
Franco-German art dealer and publisher Siegfried Bing plays a key role in publishing the style. In 1891, he founded a magazine devoted to Japanese art, which helped publicize Japonism in Europe. In 1892, he hosted exhibitions of seven artists, among them Pierre Bonnard, FÃÆ'  © lix Vallotton, ÃÆ' â € ° Douard Vuillard, Toulouse-Lautrec and Eugène Grasset, which included modern paintings and decorative works. The exhibition was presented at SociÃÆ' © nationale des beaux-arts in 1895. In the same year, Bing opened a new gallery at 22 rue de Provence in Paris, the Maison de l'Art Nouveau, new works in fine arts and decorative arts. Interior and furniture galleries designed by Belgian architect Henry Van de Velde, one of the pioneers of Art Nouveau architecture. The Maison de l'Art Nouveau shows paintings by Georges Seurat, Paul Signac and Toulouse-Lautrec, glass of Louis Comfort Tiffany and Emile Gallà © ©, jewelry by Renà © à © Lalique, and posters by Aubrey Beardsley. The works shown there are not uniform in style. Bing wrote in 1902, "Art Nouveau, at the time of its creation, did not aspire in any way to gain honor to be a general term.This is just the name of a house that opened as a gathering point for all young and artistic artists eager to show the modernity of the tendency them. "
The early architecture of Art Nouveau (1893-1898)
The first Art Nouveau house, HÃÆ'Â'tel Tassel by Victor Horta and Bloemenwerf house by Henry Van de Velde, was built in Brussels in 1893-1895. Neither Horta nor Van de Velde not only designed the house, but also all the interior decoration, furniture, carpets, and architectural details.
Horta, an architect with classic training, designed the residence of a prominent Belgian chemist, ÃÆ' â € ° mil Tassel, on a very narrow and deep site. The central element becomes a ladder, under a high ceiling. The floor is supported by a slim iron column like tree trunks. Mosaic floors and walls adorned with fine arabesque in the form of flowers and herbs, which became the most popular sign of Art Nouveau.
Van de Velde is to train a designer, not an architect, and collaborate with an architect about Bloemenwerf's plan, the house he built for himself. He was inspired by the British Arts and Crafts Movement, especially William Morris's Red House, and like them he designed all aspects of the building, including furniture, wallpaper and carpets.
After visiting Horta HÃÆ'Â'tel Tassel, Hector Guimard built the ranger Castel BÃÆ'Â ©, the first Paris building in a new style, between 1895 and 1898. The people of Paris have complained about the monotony of architectural boulevards built under Napoleon III by Georges-EugÃÆ'Â ¨ne Haussmann. They welcomed Guimard's colorful and beautiful style; Castel BÃÆ' Â © ranger was chosen as one of the best new façade in Paris, launching Guimard career. Guimard was given a commission to design the entrance for the new Paris metro system, bringing that style to the attention of millions of visitors to the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris.
Paris Exposition universe (1900)
Paris 1900 Exposition universe marks the high point of Art Nouveau. Between April and November 1900, he attracted nearly fifty million visitors from around the world, and exhibited architecture, design, glass, furniture, and decorative objects of the style. Exposition Architecture is often a mixture of Art Nouveau and Beaux-Arts architecture: the main exhibition hall, the Grand Palais has façade Beaux-Arts completely unrelated to the spectacular Art Nouveau staircase and exhibition halls in the interior.
The exhibition specifically highlights the French designers, all of whom are making special works for the Exhibition: crystal and Lalique jewelry; jewelry by Henri Vever and Georges Fouquet; Glass Daum; the Manufacture nationale de SÃÆ'¨vres in porcelain; ceramics by Alexandre Bigot; lights and glass vases carved by Emile GallÃÆ' © and Louis Comfort Tiffany, and Companies from the United States; furniture by ÃÆ' â € ° douard Colonna and Louis Majorelle; and many other famous art and craft companies from all over Europe and the world. At the 1900 Paris Exhibition, Siegfried Bing presented a pavilion called Art Nouveau Bing , featuring six different interiors entirely decorated in Style.
Although the Paris Exhibition is by far the largest, many other exposition popularized the style. The Universal Exposition of Barcelona 1888 marked the beginning of the style of Modernism in Spain, with several buildings of LluÃÆ's DomÃÆ'¨nech i Montaner. The Esposizione internazionale d'arte decorativa moderna in 1902 in Turin, Italy, showcased the designers from all over Europe.
Art Nouveau in France
After the 1900 Exhibition, the capital of Art Nouveau is Paris. The most luxurious residence in style was built by Jules Lavirotte, who completely covered the faÃÆ'§ades with a ceramic sculpture decoration. The most flamboyant example is the Lavirotte Building, at 29 avenue Rapp (1901). Office buildings and department stores have tall yard covered with stained glass dome and ceramic decoration. This style is very popular in restaurants and cafà © s, including Maxim's in 3 rue Royale, and Le Train bleu in Gare de Lyon (1900).
The town of Nancy in Lorraine became the other French capital with a new style. In 1901, the Alliance of the provinces des industrial d'art , also known as ÃÆ'â € cole de Nancy , was founded, dedicated to the annoying hierarchy that placed the paintings and sculptures above. decorative arts. The great artists working there include glass vases and the creator of Emile Gallà ©  ©, Daum brothers in glass design, and designer Louis Majorelle, who created furniture with flowers and graceful shapes. Architect Henri Sauvage brought a new architectural style to Nancy with Villa Majorelle in 1898.
French style is widely disseminated by new magazines, including The Studio , Arts et Idà ©  © es and Art et Dà © coration , which his photographs and color lithographs make this style known to designers and wealthy clients around the world.
In France, this style reached its peak in 1900, and after it quickly disappeared from fashion, virtually disappeared from France in 1905. Art Nouveau is a fancy style, requiring skilled and highly paid artisans and craftsmen who can not be easily or cheaply - produced. One of the few Art Nouveau products that can be mass-produced is a perfume bottle, and it continues to be produced in today's style. Art Nouveau was replaced by Art Deco ( Art dÃÆ' Â © co ).
Belgium, The Netherlands, and Switzerland
Belgium is the starting point of Art Nouveau, thanks largely to the architecture of Victor Horta, who designed the first Art Nouveau house, HÃÆ'Â'tel Tassel in 1893, and HÃÆ'Â'tel Solvay in 1894. Horta meets and has a strong. affecting the work of young Hector Guimard. Other important designers include architect Paul Hankar, who built the Art Nouveau house in 1893; architect and furniture designer Henry van de Velde, decorator Gustave Serrurier-Bovy, and graphic artist Fernand Khnopff. Belgian designers took advantage of the abundant supply of ivory imported from the Belgian Congo; mixed statues, combining stones, metal and ivory, by artists like Philippe Wolfers, are very popular.
In the Netherlands, that style is known as Nieuwe Kunst , New Art. Architects include Hendrik Petrus Berlage, who designed a more functional, rational variant, while Carel Adolph Lion Cachet, Theo Nieuwenhuis and Gerrit Willem Dijsselhof designed more beautiful and decorative styles. Furniture design is influenced by imports of exotic wood from the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia), while textiles are influenced by the design and technique of batik.
The leading Swiss artists of the time included painters and graphic artists ThÃÆ'  © ophile Steinlen, the creator of famous posters for Paris cabaret Le Chat noir, and artist, sculptor and decorator Eugène Grasset, who moved from Switzerland to Paris where he designed graphics, furniture, rugs, ceramics, and posters. In Paris, he taught at the Guinà © e (Æ'> cole normale d'enseignement du dessin) school, where his students included Augusto Giacometti and Paul Berthon.
Modern and Glasgow Schools in the UK
Art Nouveau is rooted in England, in the art and craft of the 1880s movement, which calls for a closer union between art and decorative arts, and breaks away from historical style to a design inspired by function and nature. One noteworthy example, the design of Arthur Mackmurdo for his essay cover in the town churches of Sir Christopher Wren, was published in 1883.
Other notable innovators in the UK include graphic designer Aubrey Beardsley whose images feature a curved line that becomes the most recognizable style feature. Wrought iron that flows freely from the 1880s can also be raised, or some flat flower textile design, which is largely owed to the design patterns of the 19th century. Other English graphic artists who have important places in style include Walter Crane and Charles Ashbee.
Liberty department stores in London play an important role, through colorful floral designs for textiles, and Silver, Tin, and Manxman jewelry designs (Scottish descendants) Archibald Knox. Its jewelry designs in materials and shapes completely separate from the historical tradition of jewelry design.
For Art Nouveau architecture and furniture design, the most important center in the UK is Glasgow, with the work of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Glasgow School, whose work is inspired by French Art Nouveau, Japanese art, symbolism, and Gothic revival. Beginning in 1895, Mackintosh presented its designs at international exhibitions in London, Vienna and Turin; its designs specifically affect the Style of Secession in Vienna. Its architectural creations include Glasgow Herald Building (1894) and the Glasgow School of Art library (1897). He also established a great reputation as a furniture designer and decorator, working with his wife, Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh, leading painter and designer. Together they create striking designs that combine straight geometric lines with soft curved flower decorations, especially the famous symbol of style, Glasgow's Rose. "
LÃÆ' Â © on-Victor Solon, made an important contribution to Art Nouveau ceramics as art director at Mintons. He specializes in plaques and in tubular vases that are marketed as "glassware" (usually described as names after the Vienna art movement). In addition to ceramics, he designed textiles for the Leek silk industry and a multiplier for bookbinding (G.T.Bagguley of Newcastle under Lyme), which patented Sutherland's binding in 1895.
The Edward Everard Building in Bristol, built in 1900-01 to store Edward Everard's printing works, features the Art Nouveau façade. The figures depicted are Johannes Gutenberg and William Morris, both of which are prominent in the field of printing. The winged figure symbolizes the "Spirit of Light", while the figure holding the lamp and mirror symbolizes light and truth.
Jugendstil in Germany
German Art Nouveau is commonly known by its German name, Jugendstil . The name is taken from the artistic journal, Die Jugend , published in Munich and which supports the new artistic movement. Founded in 1896 by Georg Hirth (Hirth remained editor until his death in 1916, and the magazine continued to be published until 1940). This magazine plays a role in promoting style in Germany. As a result, his name was adopted as the most common German term for style: Jugendstil ("teen style"). Although, during the early twentieth century, the word was applied only to two-dimensional examples of graphic art, in particular forms of organic typography and graphic design found and influenced by German magazines such as Jugend , Pan , and Simplicissimus , is now applied to the more common art nouveau artistic manifestations in Germany, the Netherlands, the Baltic states, and the Nordic countries. The two main centers of Jugendstil art in Germany are Munich and Darmstadt (MathildenhÃÆ'¶he).
Two other journals, Simplicissimus , published in Munich, and Pan , published in Berlin, proved to be important supporters of Jugendstil. The magazine is important to spread the visual idiom of Jugendstil, especially its graphic quality. Jugendstil Art covers a variety of different methods, applied by a variety of individual artists and features of hard-line use as well as tortuous curves. Various methods ranging from classical to romantic. One feature of Jugendstil is typography used, a combination of letters and images that can not be wrong. This combination is used for the cover of novels, advertisements, and exhibition posters. Designers often use a unique typography look that works in harmony with the image.
One of the most famous German artists associated with both Die Jugend and Pan is Otto Eckmann. His favorite animal is a swan, and so it was his influence in the German movement that geese came to serve as the main motive for Jugendstil.
One of the most prominent German designers in this style is Richard Riemerschmid, who makes furniture, pottery, and other decorative objects in a calm and geometric style that leads to Art Deco.
Separation of Vienna in Austria
Vienna became the centerpiece of a different variant of the Art Nouveau, later known as the Vienna Secession, an art movement founded in April 1897 by a group of artists including Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil and Otto Wagner. Painter Klimt became group president. They objected to the conservative orientation towards historicism expressed by the Vienna KÃÆ'¼nstlerhaus, the official union of artists. The Secession established a magazine, Ver Sacrum , to promote their work in all media. The Style of Secession is particularly feminine, less heavy and less nationalistic than Jugendstil in neighboring Germany. Architect Joseph Olbrich designed the vaulted Secession building in a new style, which became a work for paintings of Gustav Klimt and other Secession artists. The architectural style of Vienna Secession has a strong influence outside the city. Buildings in that style appeared in other major cities of the Empire and beyond; One of the most famous examples is the Stoclet Palace built by Josef Hoffmann in Brussels in 1905-11. The interior is entirely decorated in Secession style, including the famous paintings by Gustav Klimt.
Klimt became the most famous Secession painter, often removing the border between painting fine art and decorative painting. Koloman Moser is a very versatile artist in style; his work includes magazine illustrations, architecture, silver, ceramics, porcelain, textiles, stained glass windows, furniture, and more. He often worked in collaboration with Hoffmann and Klimt; the three together create interior, furniture and even clothes for use at Stoclet's Palace in Brussels. In 1903, he and Hoffmann founded the Wiener WerkstÃÆ'¤tte, a training school and workshop for designers and craftsmen of furniture, carpets, textiles, and decorative objects.
Separation in Central Europe
In the capitals of Central Europe, then ruled by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in Vienna, the national forms of Art Nouveau quickly emerged, and often took historical or folkloric elements. The furniture design of ÃÆ'â € "dÃÆ'¶n FaragÃÆ'³ in Budapest (Hungary) combines traditional popular architecture, Oriental architecture and Art Nouveau internationally in a very beautiful style. PÃÆ'¡l Horti, another Hungarian designer, has a much more conscious and functional style, made of oak with fine ebony and brass carvings.
Prague, in the Czech Republic, has a collection of famous Art Nouveau architecture, including the Hotel Central and the Jubilee Synagogue, built in 1908.
The style of combining Art Nouveau and national architectural elements is also typical for the Slovak architect Du? An Jurkovi? which is under the influence of Hungarian Art Nouveau. His most original works are the Cultural House at Skalica in Slovakia (1905), the spa building at Luha? Ovice in the Czech Republic (1901-1903) and 35 cemetery wars near Nowy? MigrÃÆ'³d in Galicia (now Poland), most of them strongly influenced by the local folk art of Lemko (Rusyn) and carpentry (1915-1917). Another example of Secession architecture in Slovakia is St. Elisabeth (Little Blue Church) in Bratislava.
Stile Liberty in Italy
Italy Stile Liberty takes its name from the English department store Liberty, a very popular colorful textile in Italy. Famous Italian designers include Galileo Chini, whose ceramics are inspired both by the majolica pattern and by Art Nouveau. He came to be known as a painter and beautiful designer; he designed sets for two Puccini operas Gianni Schicchi and Turandot .
The Teatro Massimo di Palermo, by architect Ernesto Basile, is an example of an Italian style variant, architectural style, which combines elements of Art Nouveau and classics.
The most important figure in Art Nouveau's Italian furniture design is Carlo Bugatti, the son of an architect and sculptor, and brother of a famous car designer. He studied at the Brera Academy of Milan, and then Acadà © mac des Beaux-Arts in Paris. His works are distinguished by his exoticism and eccentricity, including silver, textiles, ceramics, and musical instruments, but he is most remembered for his innovative furniture design, first shown in 1888 Milan Fine Arts Fair. The furniture often features a keyhole design, and has an unusual cover, including parchment and silk, and bone and ivory inlay. Sometimes it also has a surprising organic form, copied after a snail and cobra.
Modernism in Spanish Arte Nova in Portugal
In Spain, a very original variant of style, Catalan Modernism , appeared in Barcelona. Its most famous creator is Antoni GaudÃÆ', who uses Art Nouveau's floral and organic form in a very new way at Palau GÃÆ'¼ell (1886). Its designs from around 1903, Casa BatllÃÆ'³ (1904-1906) and Casa MilÃÆ' (1906-1908), are closely related to the style elements of Art Nouveau. However, well-known structures like Sagrada Familia typically contrast with the modern Art Nouveau trend with Neo-Gothic revivalists. In addition to the dominance of the presence of GaudÃÆ', LluÃÆ's DomÃÆ'¨nech i Montaner also uses Art Nouveau in Barcelona in buildings such as Castell dels Tres Dragons (1888), Palau de la MÃÆ'ºsica Catalana and Casa LleÃÆ'³ Morera (1905). Another great modernist is Josep Puig i Cadafalch, who designed Casa MartÃÆ' and Quatre Gats cafà © ©, Casimir Casaramona textile factory (now CaixaFÃÆ'² art museum), Casa Macaya, Casa Amatller, Palau del BarÃÆ'³ de Quadras (Casa residence ÃÆ' â,¬ for 10 years until 2013) and Casa de les Punxes ("House of Spikes"). Also famous are Josep Maria Jujol, with houses in Sant Joan DespÃÆ' (1913-1926), several churches near Tarragona (1918 and 1926) and the winding Casa Planells (1924) in Barcelona. Some of the other great architects working outside Barcelona are LluÃÆ's Muncunill i Parellada, with a magnificent textile factory in Terrassa (Vapor Aymerich, Amat i Jover, now the Catalonia Museum of Science and Technology - Museu de la CiÃÆ'¨ncia i de la TÃÆ'¨ cnica de Catalunya) and the "farmhouse"/small noble house called Masia Freixa in the same city; and CÃÆ'¨sar Martinell i Brunet, with its spectacular "wine cathedral", a municipal grape town wine throughout southern and central Catalonia. An architect from Valencia who worked in Catalonia before emigrating to America was Rafael Guastavino. Attributed to him is the Asland Cement Factory in Castellar de n'Hug, among other buildings.
The furniture designer Catalan Gaspar Homar (1870-1953), influenced by Antoni GaudÃÆ', often incorporates marquetry and mosaics with furnishings. Examples of Art Nouveau ( Arte nova ), mostly based on the French model, appear in Portugal in Porto and Aveiro. A noteworthy example is the 'Livraria Lello' bookstore in Porto, designed by Xavier Esteves (1906).
Jugendstil in Nordic Countries
Art Nouveau is very popular in the Nordic countries, where it is commonly known as Jugendstil, and is often combined with the National Romantic Style of each country. In Norway, Art Nouveau is associated with a revival inspired by Viking folk art and crafts. Notable designers include Lars Kisarvik, who designed the traditional Viking and Celtic chairs, and Gerhard Munthe, who designed seats with the epitome of dragon-style dragons from ancient Viking ships, and various posters, paintings and graphics. Other examples include the Skien Church (1887-1894) and the Fagerborg Church in Kristiania (Oslo) (1900-1903).
In Finland, a good example is the Helsinki Central railway station, designed by Eliel Saarinen, the father of renowned American modernist architect Eero Saarinen. Examples of styles include the Finnish National Theater, Kallio Church, the Finnish National Museum, and Tampere Cathedral. Unlike the very intricate furniture of Norwegian Art Nouveau, Finnish Deco Art is very simple and functional, as in the chair designed by Eliel Saarinen (1907-1908).
World of Art in Russia
Variations of Art Nouveau's highly colorful Russia appeared in Moscow and Saint Petersburg in 1898 with the publication of a new art journal, "???????????" (transliteration: Mir Iskusstva) ("Art World"), by Russian artists Alexandre Benois and LÃÆ' Â © on Bakst, and editor-in-chief Sergei Diaghilev. The magazine hosts an exhibition of prominent Russian artists, including Mikhail Vrubel, Konstantin Somov, Ishak Levitan, and illustrator Ivan Bilibin's book. The Art World Style utilizes less use of vegetal and floral forms than French Art Nouveau; it is very interesting on the bright colors and exotic design of Russian folklore and fairy tales. The most influential contribution of "World of Art" was the creation by Diaghilev of the new ballet company, Balet Russes, headed by Diaghilev, in costumes and sets designed by Bakst and Benois. The new ballet company premiered in Paris in 1909, and performed there every year until 1913. The exotic and colorful sets designed by Benois and Bakst had a huge impact on French art and design. The costume and set design are reproduced in leading Paris magazines, L'Illustration, La Vie parisienne and Gazette du bon ton, and Russian style becomes known in Paris as ÃÆ' la Bakst . The company was stranded in Paris first by the outbreak of World War I, and later by the Russian Revolution in 1917, and ironically it was never done in Russia.
Moscow and Saint Petersburg have some of the leading Art Nouveau buildings built in the last years before the Revolution; especially Hotel Metropol in Moscow, featuring a ceramic mural in faÃÆ'§ade, The Princess of Dreams , by the beautiful designer Mikhail Vrubel; and Vitebsk Railway Station in Saint Petersburg (1904)
Tiffany Style in USA
In the United States, the Louis Comfort Tiffany firm plays a central role in American Art Nouveau. Born in 1848, he studied at the National Academy of Design in New York, began working with glass at the age of 24, entering the family business started by his father, and 1885 founded his own company devoted to fine glass, and developed his coloring technique. In 1893, he began to make vases and glass bowls, re-developed new techniques that allowed more original shapes and staining, and began experimenting with decorative window glass. The glass coating is printed, overlaid and superimposed, providing extraordinary richness and color variations. In 1895 his new work featured in Nouveau Siegfried Bing Art gallery, giving it a new European customer. After the death of his father in 1902, he took over the entire Tiffany company, but still devoted most of his time to designing and producing glass art objects. At the urging of Thomas Edison, he began producing electric lamps with shades of colorful glass in bronze and iron structures, or decorated with mosaics, produced in various series and editions, each made with a piece of jewelry treatment. A team of designers and craftsmen worked on each product. Tiffany lamps in particular become one of the Art Nouveau icons, but Tiffany craftsmen (and craftsmen) design and create stunning windows, vases, and other glass art. Tiffany Glass was also a great success at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris; A colored glass window called Flight of Souls won the gold medal.
Another important figure in American Art Nouveau is the architect Louis Sullivan, best known as the architect of some of America's first iron-framed skyscrapers. At the 1893 Columbus World Exhibition in Chicago, most famous for the famous neoclassical architecture of the White City, he designed the spectacular Art Nouveau entrance to the Transport Building. The Columbian Exposition is also an important place for Tiffany; a chapel he designed was shown in the Art and Industry Pavilion. The Tiffany Chapel, along with one of Tiffany's home windows in New York, is now on display at Charles Hosmer Morse's American Art Museum in Winter Park, Florida.
Forms and characters
Although Art Nouveau has a clearly localized tendency because of its increasing geographic spread, some common characteristics are indicative of the form. A description published in the Pan magazine of the hanging Hermann Obrist wall
The origins of Art Nouveau are found in the resistance of artist William Morris against the messy compositions and trends of the 19th century revival and his theories that helped initiate the Art movement and craft. However, the cover of Arthur Mackmurdo's book for Wren's City Churches (1883), with a rhythmic floral pattern, is often considered the first realization of Art Nouveau. At the same time, the flat perspective and strong colors of Japanese wooden blocks, especially from Katsushika Hokusai, have a strong effect on Art Nouveau formulations. The Japonism that was popular in Europe during the 1880s and 1890s was very influential on many artists with organic forms and references to the natural world. In addition to being adopted by artists such as Emile GallÃÆ'Â © and James Abbott McNeill Whistler, art and design inspired Japan championed by entrepreneurs Siegfried Bing and Arthur Lasenby Liberty in their stores in Paris and London, respectively.
In architecture, hyperbole and parabola in windows, arches, and doors are common, and decorative prints 'grow' into plant derived forms. Like most design styles, Art Nouveau tries to harmonize its shape. The text above the Metro Paris entrance uses the quality of the remaining iron work in the structure.
Art Nouveau in architecture and interior design away from the eclectic style of the 19th century revival. Although Art Nouveau, the designer chose and 'modernized' some of the more abstract elements of the Rococo style, such as the texture of flames and shells, they also advocated the use of highly styled organic forms as a source of inspiration, expanding the 'natural' repertoire for seaweed, and insects. The gentle unifying forms of the 17th century auricular style, best exemplified in the Dutch silver apparatus, are another influence.
Relationship with contemporary style and movement
As an art style, Art Nouveau has proximity to Pre-Raphael and the Symbolic style, and artists such as Aubrey Beardsley, Alphonse Mucha, Edward Burne-Jones, Gustav Klimt and Jan Toorop can be classified in more than one of these styles. Unlike the symbolic paintings, however, Art Nouveau has a distinctive appearance; and, unlike Artist-oriented Art and Craft Movements, Art Nouveau artists are ready to use new materials, machine surfaces, and abstractions in pure design services.
Art Nouveau does not distance itself from the use of machines, as the Arts and Crafts Movement did. For sculpture, the main material used is glass and wrought iron, which produces sculptural quality even in architecture. Ceramics are also used in the manufacture of sculpture editions by artists such as Auguste Rodin.
The Art Nouveau architecture utilized many technological innovations in the late 19th century, primarily the use of open iron and large and irregular pieces of glass for architecture. At the beginning of World War I, however, the Art Nouveau design style that began to be used to support leaner, richer modernism was considered more faithful to the brighter industry aesthetics that became Art Deco.
Art Nouveau tendencies are also absorbed into the local style. In Denmark, for example, it is one aspect of SkÃÆ'¸nvirke ("aesthetic work"), which in itself more closely relates to the style of Arts and Crafts. Likewise, the artists adopted many of Art Nouveau's floral and organic motifs into the style of M? Oda Polska ("Young Poles") in Poland. M? oda Polska , however, also includes other artistic styles and includes a broader approach to art, literature, and lifestyle.
Graph
Graphic art evolves in the Art Nouveau period, thanks to new printing technologies, especially color lithography that enables mass production of color posters. Art is no longer confined to galleries, museums and salons; it can be found on the walls of Paris, and in pictorial art magazines, which circulate throughout Europe and into the United States. The most popular theme of Art Nouveau posters is women; women symbolize charm, modernity and beauty, often surrounded by flowers.
In the UK, the leading graphic artist in Art Nouveau style is Aubrey Beardsley (1872-1898). He started with an illustrated book engraved for Le Morte d'Arthur, then a black and white illustration for Salome by Oscar Wilde (1893), which brought him fame. That same year, he began carving out illustrations and posters for The Studio's art magazine, which helped publish European artists like Fernand Khnopff in England. Arched lines and intricate patterns of interest attract as much attention as the text.
The Swiss-French artist Eugène Grasset (1845-1917) was one of the first creators of the French Art Nouveau poster. He helped decorate the famous cabaret Le Chat noir in 1885 and made his first poster for FÃÆ'ªtes de Paris . He made a famous poster from Sarah Bernhardt in 1890, and various illustrations of books. Artist-designer Jules ChÃÆ'  © ret, Georges de Feure and painter Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec make posters for Paris theater, cafà © s, dance room, cabaret. The Czech artist Alphonse Mucha (1860-1939) arrived in Paris in 1888, and in 1895 made a poster for actress Sarah Bernhardt in the Gismonda drama by Victorien Sardou. The success of this poster resulted in a contract to produce posters for six dramas by Bernhardt. Over the next four years, he also designed sets, costumes, and even jewelry for the actress. Based on the success of his theater posters, Mucha made posters for various products, ranging from cigarettes and soaps to beer biscuits, all featuring an idealized female figure with an hourglass figure. He went on to design products, from jewelry to biscuit boxes, with his distinctive style.
In Vienna, the most prolific graphic designer and poster was Koloman Moser (1868-1918), who actively participated in the Secession movement with Gustav Klimt and Josef Hoffmann, and made illustrations and covers for motion magazines, Ver Sacrum , as well as paintings, furniture, and decorations.
Painting
Painting is another important domain of Art Nouveau, although most Art Nouveau painters are also associated with other art movements, especially Nabis in France and Symbolic in France and Austria. In 1892, Siegfried Bing held an exhibition in Paris featuring seven painters, including Pierre Bonnard, ÃÆ' â € ° douard Vuillard, FÃÆ'Ã… © lix Vallotton, and Maurice Denis; and his paintings of Maison de l'Art Nouveau were exhibited by Georges Seurat, Paul Signac, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Eugène Grasset, Koloman Moser and Gustav Klimt move comfortably on avant-garde and Art Nouveau. In Belgium, Fernand Khnopff works in the field of painting and graphic design. The painting by Gustav Klimt is an integral part of Josef Hoffmann's decorative scheme for Palais Stoclet. One of the common themes of the symbolic painter and Art Nouveau in that period was the depiction of the female style. One popular subject is American dancer Loie Fuller, portrayed by French and Austrian artist painters and artists.
Glass art
Glass art is the medium in which Art Nouveau finds new and varied means of expression. Intense experiments continue, especially in France, to discover new effects of transparency and opacity: in win-win cameos, double layers, and acid engraving, a technique that enables production in series. The city of Nancy became an important center for the French glass industry, and the workshops of Emile Gallà ©  © and Daum studios, led by Auguste and Antonin Daum, are located there. They work with many famous designers, including Ernest BussiÃÆ'¨re, Henri BergÃÆ'  ©, and Amalric Walter. They developed a new method of incrusting glass by tapping the fragments of different colored glass into unfinished parts. They often collaborate with furniture designer Louis Majorelle, whose home and workshop are in Nancy. Another feature of Art Nouveau is the use of stained glass with floral theme in the residential salon, especially in Art Nouveau houses in Nancy. Much of Jacques Gruber's work, which makes windows for Villa Majorelle and other homes.
In Belgium, the leading company is the glass factory Val Saint Lambert, which makes vases in organic and floral shapes, many of them designed by Philippe Wolfers. Wolves are noted primarily for creating symbolic glassworks, often with embedded metal ornaments. In Bohemia, then the Austrian-Hungarian Empire region was noted for the manufacture of crystals, the Lobmeyr and Loetz-Witwe companies also experimented with new coloring techniques, resulting in livelier and richer colors. In Germany, the experiment was led by Karl KÃÆ'¶pping, who used inflatable glass to create a very fine glass in the shape of flowers; so subtle that few survive today.
In Vienna, the glass design of the Secession movement is much more geometrical than that of France or Belgium; Otto Prutscher is the most rigorous motion glass designer.
In England, a number of floral glass designs were created by Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh for an architectural display called "Art Lovers Home."
In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany and its designers became very famous for their lights, whose shades of glass use a complex, general interest theme put together. Tiffany's lamps gained popularity after the Colombian World Exposition in Chicago in 1893, where Tiffany displayed lamps in a Byzantine-like chapel. Tiffany experimented extensively with the glass staining process, patented in the 1894 Favrile glass process, which uses metal oxides to dye the inside of a liquid glass, giving it a colorful effect. The workshop produces several different series of Tiffany lamps in different flower designs, along with stained glass windows, screens, vases and decorative objects. His first works were imported into Germany, then to France by Siegfried Bing, and later became one of the decorative sensations of the 1900 Exhibition. The American rival for Tiffany, Steuben Glass, was founded in 1903 in Corning, NY, by Frederick Carder, who, like Tiffany , using the Fevrile process to create surfaces in color. Another renowned American glass artist is John La Farge, who creates colorful, colorful glass windows on religious and purely decorative themes.
Metal art
The 19th century architectural theory, Viollet-le-Duc, has suggested to show, rather than hide the iron framework of modern buildings, but the Art Nouveau architects Victor Horta and Hector Guimard stepped one step further: they added iron ornaments in arches inspired by flowers and plant. forming both in the interior and exterior of their buildings. They take the form of a staircase fence in the interior, lights, and other details in the interior, as well as other balconies and ornaments on the outside. This becomes some of the most distinctive features of the Art Nouveau architecture. The use of metal decorations in vegetal form soon also appeared in silver, lamps, and other decorative items.
In the United States, designer George Grant Elmslie makes an extremely complicated cast iron design for balustrades and other interior decorations from Chicago architect Louis Sullivan.
While French and American designers used flower and plant forms, Joseph Maria Olbrich and other Secession artists designed pitchers and other metal objects in a more geometrical and calm style.
Jewelry
Art Nouveau is characterized by soft, curvy shapes and lines and usually features natural designs such as flowers, birds and other animals. The woman's body is a popular theme and is featured on various pieces of jewelry, especially brilliant acting. These often include long necklaces made of pearls or silver chains interspersed by glass beads or ends with silver or gold pendants, itself often designed as decoration for holding single gems, amethyst, peridot, or citrine.
The Art Nouveau period brings a renowned style revolution to the jewelry industry, mostly led by major corporations in Paris. For the past two centuries, the emphasis on jewelry has created a dramatic setting for diamonds. During the reign of Art Nouveau, diamonds usually play a supporting role. Jewelers experimented with various types of other stones, including agate, opal garnet, moon stone, aquamarine and other semi-precious stones, and with new techniques, including enamel, and new materials, including horns, molded glass, and ivory.
The famous Art Nouveau-style Paris jewelry includes Louis Aucoc, whose family jewelry company dated 1821. The most famous designer of the Art Nouveau period, Renà © Lalique, served his apprenticeship in the Aucoc studio from 1874 to 1876. Lalique became the central figure of jewelry and Art glass Nouveau, using nature, from dragonfly to grass, as a model. Artists from outside the world of traditional jewelry, such as Paul Follot, best known as a furniture designer, experimented with jewelry design. Other Art Nouveau French jewelry designers include Jules Brateau and Georges Henry. In the United States, the most famous designer is Louis Comfort Tiffany, whose work is featured in the Siegfried Bing shop and also at the 1900 Paris Exhibition.
In the UK, the most prominent figure is Liberty & amp; Designer Co. Archibald Knox, which makes various Art Nouveau pieces, including a silver belt buckle. C. R. Ashbee designed the pendant in the form of a peacock. The versatile Glasgow designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh also makes jewelry, using traditional Celtic symbols. In Germany, the Jugendstil jewelry center is the city of Pforzheim, where most of the German companies, including Theodor Fahrner, are located. They quickly produce works to meet new style requests.
Architecture
Art Nouveau architecture is a reaction to the eclectic style that dominated European architecture in the second half of the 19th century. It was expressed through the decor. The buildings are covered with ornaments in the form of arches, based on flowers, plants or animals: butterflies, peacocks, geese, irises, cyclens, orchids and water lilies. FaÃÆ'§ades are not symmetrical, and are often decorated with polychrome ceramic tiles. Decorations usually suggest movement; there is no difference between structure and ornament.
The first style appeared in Brussels' HÃÆ'Â'tel Tassel (1894) and HÃÆ'Â'tel Solvay (1900) from Victor Horta. HÃÆ'Â'tel Tassel was visited by Hector Guimard, who used the same style in his first major work, Castel BÃÆ'Â ranger (1897-98). In all these homes, architects are also designing furniture and interior decoration, right down to the door handle and carpet. In 1899, based on the fame of the Castel BÃÆ' Â © ranger, Guimard received a commission to design the entrance of a new Paris station, which opened in 1900. Although only a few survivors, this became a symbol of the Art Nouveau movement in Paris.
In Paris, the style of architecture is also a reaction to the strict rules imposed on the facade of the building by Georges-Eugène Haussmann, the prefect of Paris under Napoleon III. The window bow was finally allowed in 1903, and the Art Nouveau architect went to the opposite extreme, especially in the homes of Jules Lavirotte, who were basically the great works of sculptures, entirely covered with decorations. An important environment of Art Nouveau houses appeared in the French city of Nancy, around Villa Majorelle (1901-02), the residence of designer Louis Majorelle's furniture. It was designed by Henri Sauvage as a masterpiece for Majorelle's furniture design.
Its architectural style spread from Belgium and France to Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Spain and the rest of Europe, taking different names and characters in every country. It reached its peak in 1910, and at the beginning of the First World War was almost complete. The new style, Art Deco, takes its place.
Furniture
The design of furniture in the Art Nouveau period is closely related to the architectural architecture of architects who often design furniture, carpets, lamps, doorknobs, and other decorative details. The furniture is also often complicated and expensive; smooth finish, usually polished or varnished, is considered important, and continental design is usually very complicated, with expensive curved shapes to be made. It also has the disadvantage that homeowners can not change the furniture or add pieces in different styles without disturbing the whole effect of the room. For this reason, when Art Nouveau architecture is no longer stylish, furniture styles are also largely gone.
In France, the center for design and manufacturing of furniture is in Nancy, where two main designers, ÃÆ' â € ° GallÃÆ'Â © and Louis Majorelle have their studios and workshops, and where Alliance des industries d'art (later called Nancy School) was established in 2001. Both designers based on structure and orn
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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