The Great White Fleet was a popular nickname for a powerful US Navy fleet that completed a worldwide journey from December 16, 1907, to February 22, 1909, on the orders of US President Theodore Roosevelt. Its mission is to make friendly visits to different countries, while presenting a new US naval power to the world.
It consists of 16 warships divided into two squadrons, along with various escorts. Roosevelt sought to demonstrate America's military capability and greater blue-water naval capabilities. Hoping to enforce agreements and protect overseas ownership, the United States Congress allocates funds to build American naval power. Beginning in the 1880s with only 90 small boats, more than a third of them were wood and therefore obsolete, the navy quickly grew to incorporate new modern steel armored ships. The hulls of these ships are painted white, giving the fleet the nickname "Great White Fleet".
Video Great White Fleet
Backgrounds and goals
In the twilight of his reign, US President Theodore Roosevelt sent 16 US Navy warships from the Atlantic Fleet in a world voyage from December 16, 1907 to February 22, 1909. The hull was painted white, the Navy spacetime color scheme, adorned with scrolls with banners red, white, and blue on their bow. These ships were later known as the Great White Fleet.
The purpose of spreading the fleet is diverse. As if, it serves as an exhibition item of goodwill America, because the fleet visited many countries and ports. In this case, the voyage was unprecedented. The navy's call of honor, many times in conjunction with the birthdays of various kings and other foreign celebrations, has become common in the 19th century. The port calls showcased pride, ritual, and militarism during the period of rising pre-war nationalism. In 1891, a large French fleet visited Kronstadt, Russia, along with negotiations between the two countries. Although France and Russia had been at odds with each other for at least three decades before, the significance of the call was not lost in Russia, and Tsar Nicholas II signed an alliance agreement with France in 1894. As the navy grew larger, maritime marches grew longer, more complicated, and more often. The United States began participating in this event in 1902 when Roosevelt invited Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany to send a squadron for honorary calls to New York City. Invitations for US Navy vessels to participate in fleet celebrations in England, France and Germany followed.
In addition, the voyage of the Great White Fleet shows both at home and on the world stage that the US has become a major marine force in the years following its victory in the Spanish-American War, with treasures including Guam, the Philippines and Puerto Rico. It was not the first stretch of US naval muscle since the war; during the Algeciras Conference in 1906, which was held to resolve the diplomatic crisis between France and Germany concerning the fate of Morocco, Roosevelt had ordered eight warships to maintain its presence in the Mediterranean Sea. Since Japan has emerged as a major marine force with the destruction of the Russian fleet in 1905 at Tsushima, the deployment of the Great White Fleet was therefore intended, at least in part, to send a message to Tokyo that an American fleet could be deployed anywhere. , even from Atlantic ports, and will be able to defend American interests in the Philippines and the Pacific.
That attitude took advantage of diplomatic problems resulting from anti-Japanese riots in San Francisco. Those problems were resolved by the 1907 Master's Agreement and the fleet's visit was a friendly gesture to Japan. The Japanese welcomed him. Roosevelt saw the spread as one that would encourage patriotism, and gave the impression that he would teach the Japanese "a lesson in polite behavior", as historian Robert A. Hart puts it. After the fleet crossed the Pacific, the Japanese statesman realized that the balance of power in the East has changed since the Takahira Root Covenant that determines the relevant scope of interests of the United States and Japan.
Cruise also provides an opportunity to increase the feasibility of the fleet and the battle. While previous vessel classes such as Kearsarge , Illinois and Maine are designed primarily for coastal defense, subsequent classes such as Virginia and Connecticut combines lessons learned from the Spanish-American War and is understood to be the highest-practicable speed vessel and the greatest radius of action, in the words of the designated bill approved by the United States Congress for its construction. They are meant as modern warships capable of performing long-range operations. Nevertheless, the experience gained in the recent war with Spain has been limited.
Maps Great White Fleet
Concerns and preparations
Roosevelt's intention states to provide naval training in navigation, communication, coal consumption and fleet maneuvers; However, the naval professionals maintain that such things can be better served in the home waters. Given what has happened to the Russian Baltic Fleet, they are worried about sending their own fleet in the old placement, especially since part of its goal is to impress the modern warring navy that has not been known to its defeat. The fleet has not been tested in such voyages, and Tsushima has proved that extended deployment has no place in practical strategy. The Japanese Navy is close to restoration and repair facilities; While American ships can carry coal in the Philippines, docking facilities are far from optimal. Extended stops on the West Coast of the United States during the voyage for repairs and repairs on the dry dock will become a necessity. Planning for the voyage, however, indicates the scarcity of adequate facilities there, as well. The main Mare Bay Navy Yard marine channel near San Francisco is too shallow for a warship, leaving only the Puget Sound Navy Yard in Bremerton, Washington, to be repaired and repaired. Crescent Point Hunter's courtyard in San Francisco can accommodate a capital vessel, but has been closed for lack of use and is scheduled for demolition. President Roosevelt ordered that Hunter's Point be reopened, facilities renewed, and a fleet reported there.
Also, the question of adequate resources for unification exists. This is not a problem when the Atlantic Fleet drove Atlantic or Caribbean, because the supply of fuel is readily available. However, the United States does not enjoy a network of centralized stations around the world as in the United Kingdom, nor does it have an adequate supply of additional vessels to supply. During the Spanish-American War, this disappointment has forced Admiral George Dewey to buy British coal in Hong Kong before the Manila Bay Battle to ensure his squadron will not run out of steam at sea. The need was even more pressing for the Russian Baltic Fleet during its long placement during the Russian-Japanese War, not only because of its distance to evaporate, but also because, as a war-wielding country, most of the neutral ports were closed to it because of international law. While the lack of vessel support is indicated and a strong program for building ships as advised by Rear Admiral George W. Melville, who has served as head of the Equipment Bureau, his words were not adequately addressed until World War II.
The federal regulations prohibiting the supply of ships for Navy ships to those who fly the United States flag, compounded by the lack of adequate US Marines Merchant, are proving to be another obstacle. Roosevelt initially offered to award the Navy's supply contract to American skippers whose bid exceeded the foreign captain by less than 50 percent. Many operators refuse this offer because they can not get enough cargo to cover travel expenses. Two months before the sailing fleet, Roosevelt ordered the Navy Department to contract 38 vessels to supply a fleet of 125,000 tonnes of coal that needs to be steamed from Hampton Roads, Virginia, to San Francisco. Only eight of them are registered in America; most of the other 30 are from the British registry. This development is potentially odd, because part of the mission is to impress Japan with a remarkable perception of US naval power. Britain had become a military ally of Japan in 1905 with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, which obliged him to assist Japan if foreign powers declared war on him. Technically, the list of potential combatants includes the United States. The British government decided to play both sides of the political fence in order to moderate the possible Japanese-American frictions.
Voyage
Since the Panama Canal is incomplete, the fleet must pass through the Strait of Magellan. The scope of such operations is unprecedented in US history, as ships must sail from all points of compass to the meeting point and proceed according to well-crafted and well-structured plans. This involves almost all of the US Navy's operational capabilities. Unlike the large obstacles facing the Russian fleet on its voyage from the Baltic to the Pacific, which eventually led to its destruction by the Japanese in 1905, US efforts benefited from a peaceful environment that helped coordinate the movement of ships.
At the harbor after port, people in thousands of people turned out to see and greet the fleet. In 1908, the Great White Fleet visited Monterey, California, from May 1-4. The nearest Del Monte hotel in Del Monte, California, hosts a grand ball for fleet officers.
In Australia, the arrival of the Great White Fleet on August 20, 1908 was used to encourage support for the formation of the Australian navy itself. When the fleets sailed to Yokohama, Japan went to extraordinary lengths to show that their country wanted peace with the US; thousands of Japanese schoolchildren waving American flags to welcome navy officials as they arrived at the beach. In Sicily, seafarers assisted in the recovery operation after the Messina 1908 earthquake.
In February 1909, Roosevelt was in Hampton Roads, Virginia, to witness the return of the fleet from his long journey, and what he saw as the right solution for his rule. To the officers and people of the fleet, Roosevelt said, "Other countries may do what you have done, but they must follow you." Roosevelt's enormous strategic farewell action greatly extended foreign respect for the United States, as well as his role in the international arena.
Fleet composition
The fourteen-month voyage was a grand march of American naval power. Squadron manned by 14,000 sailors. They cover about 43,000 nautical miles (80,000 km) and make twenty port calls on six continents. The fleet was impressive, particularly as a demonstration of American industrial power (all eighteen ships have been built since the Spanish-American War), but the warships represent a suddenly outmoded, pre-dreadnought capital boat type as the first battleship class < i> Dreadnought revolutionary has just entered the service, and the first shooting of the US Navy, South Carolina , is fitting. The two oldest ships in the fleet, Kearsarge and Kentucky , are outdated and unfit for combat; two others, Maine and Alabama , must be separated in San Francisco due to mechanical problems and replaced by Nebraska and Wisconsin . (After the repair, Alabama and Maine completed their own, more direct, round-the-world trips through Honolulu, Guam, Manila, Singapore, Colombo, Suez, Naples, Gibraltar, Azores, and finally returned to the United States, arriving on October 20, 1908, four months before the rest of the fleet, which had taken a more circling route.)
The warship was accompanied during the first leg of their voyage by "Flotilla Torpedo" from the original six destroyers, as well as by some additional vessels. Their destroyers and tenders do not really work with warships, but follow their own schedule from Hampton Roads, Virginia to San Francisco, California. Also note that the armored cruisers Washington started Fleet's first and second leg schedules for about a month, possibly making arrangements to then receive the Fleet.
General fleet route
With Connecticut as the flagship under the command of Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, the fleet sailed from Hampton Roads on December 16, 1907 to Trinidad, the British West Indies, then to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Punta Arenas, Chile; Callao, Peru; The Gulf of Magdalena, Mexico, and on the West Coast, arrived in San Francisco, May 6, 1908.
In San Francisco, Rear Admiral Charles S. Sperry took command of the fleet, due to the ill health of Admiral Evans. Also in San Francisco, the squadron is slightly rearranged, bringing the latest and best ships in the fleet up to the First Squadron. Glacier is separated and then into the Pacific Fleet supply vessel. At this very moment, Nebraska , under Captain Reginald F. Nicholson, and Wisconsin , under Captain Frank E. Beatty, replaced for Maine and Alabama . In San Francisco, Minnesota was brought to First Squadron, First Division and Louisiana taking his place as seed, the Second Squadron.
Departure from that port on July 7, 1908 of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet visiting Honolulu; Auckland, New Zealand; Sydney, Melbourne, and Albany, Australia; Manila, Philippines; Yokohama, Japan; and Colombo, Ceylon; then arrived in Suez, Egypt, on 3 January 1909.
While the fleet was in Egypt, the word accepted the earthquake in Sicily, thus providing an opportunity for the United States to show its friendship to Italy by offering help to the sufferers. Connecticut , Illinois , Culgoa and Yankton are sent to Messina, Italy, all at once. The Illinois crew recovered the body of the American consul, Arthur S. Cheney, and his wife, buried in ruins.
Scorpion , a fleet station ship in Constantinople, and Celtic , a refrigerator ship installed in New York, rushes to Messina, releases Connecticut and Illinois , so they can continue the voyage.
Leaving Messina on January 9, 1909, the fleet stopped in Naples, Italy, from there to Gibraltar, arriving at Hampton Roads on February 22, 1909. There, President Roosevelt reviewed the fleet as it passed the highway.
First leg
From Hampton Roads to San Francisco, 14,556 nautical miles (26,958 km).
Itinerary
Ship
Fleet, First Squadron and First Division, commanded by Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans. The First Division consists of four ships of the 1906 Connecticut : Connecticut class, fleet ship, Captain Hugo Osterhaus; Kansas , Captain Charles E. Vreeland; Vermont , Captain William P. Potter; and Louisiana , Captain Richard Wainwright.
Division II was commanded by Rear Admiral William H. Emory. Division II consists of four ships class 1904 Virginia : Georgia , the flagship division, Captain Henry McCrea; New Jersey , Captain William H. H. Southerland; Rhode Island , Captain Joseph B. Murdock; and Virginia , Captain Seaton Schroeder.
Second Squadron and Third Division commanded by Rear Admiral Charles M. Thomas. The Third Division comprises one Connecticut class vessel and three vessels of the 1902 Maine class: Minnesota, sailor squadron Captain John Hubbard; Maine , Captain Giles B. Harber; Missouri , Captain Greenlief A. Merriam; and Ohio , Captain Charles W. Bartlett.
The Fourth Division was commanded by Rear Admiral Charles S. Sperry. The Fourth Division consists of two 1901 Illinois vessels and two 1900 Kearsarge classes: Alabama, division seed, Captain Ten Eyck De Witt Veeder; Illinois, Captain John M. Bowyer, Captain Hamilton Hutchins; and Kentucky , Captain Walter C. Cowles.
The auxiliary fleet consists of Culgoa (storage warehouse), Lieutenant Commander John B. Patton; Glacier (storage warehouse), Commander William S. Hogg; Panther (ship repair), Commander Valentine S. Nelson; Yankton (tender), Lieutenant Walter R. Gherardi; and Relief (hospital ship).
The "Torpedo Flotilla" destroyer consists of Hopkins , Lieutenant Alfred G. Howe; Stewart , Lieutenant Julius F. Hellweg; Hull , Lieutenant Frank McCommon; Truxton , Lieutenant Charles S. Kerrick; Lawrence , Lieutenant Ernest Friedrick; Whipple , Lieutenant Hutch I. Cone; and Arethusa (tender), Commander Albert W. Grant.
Second leg
Itinerary
The second leg of the voyage was from San Francisco to Puget Sound and back. On May 23, 1908, the 16 Great Atlantic Fleet warships were steamed to Puget Sound where they split up to visit six Washington state ports: Bellingham, Bremerton, Port Angeles, Port Townsend, Seattle, and Tacoma. Fleet arrived in Seattle on May 23 and departed May 27, 1908.
Ship
Fleet, First Squadron, and First Division commanded by Rear Admiral Charles S. Sperry. First Division consists of Connecticut , Fleet ship, Captain Hugo Osterhaus; Kansas , Captain Charles E. Vreeland; Minnesota , Captain John Hubbard; and Vermont , Captain William P. Potter.
Division II was commanded by Rear Admiral Richard Wainwright. Division II consists of Georgia , flag Division, Captain Edward F. Qualtrough; Nebraska , Captain Reginald F. Nicholson, succeeding his sister Virginia ; New Jersey , Captain William H.H. Southerland; and Rhode Island , Captain Joseph B. Murdock.
Second Squadron and Third Division were ordered by Admiral William H. Emory. The Third Division consists of Louisiana , Squadron forces, Captain Kossuth Niles; Virginia , Captain Alexander Sharp; Missouri , Captain Robert M. Doyle; and Ohio , Captain Thomas B. Howard.
The Fourth Division is commanded by Rear Admiral Seaton Schroeder. The Fourth Division consists of Wisconsin , Division seeds, Captain Frank E. Beatty, who replaced his sister Alabama ; Illinois , Captain John M. Bowyer; Kearsarge , Captain Hamilton Hutchins; and Kentucky , Captain Walter C. Cowles.
The Fleet Auxiliaries is Culgoa (a warehouse), Lieutenant Commander John B. Patton; Yankton (tender), Lieutenant Commander Charles B. McVay; Glacier (storage warehouse), Commander William S. Hogg; Relief (hospital ship), Surgeon Charles F. Stokes; and Panther (ship repair), Commander Valentine S. Nelson.
Third leg
From San Francisco to Manila, 16,336 nautical miles (30,254 km).
Itinerary
Ship
Fleet, First Squadron, and First Division commanded by Rear Admiral Charles S. Sperry. First Division consists of Connecticut , Fleet ship, Captain Hugo Osterhaus; Kansas , Captain Charles E. Vreeland; Minnesota , Captain John Hubbard; and Vermont , Captain William P. Potter.
Division II consists of Georgia , flag Division, Captain Edward F. Qualtrough; Nebraska , Captain Reginald F. Nicholson; New Jersey , Captain William H.H. Southerland; and Rhode Island , Captain Joseph B. Murdock.
Second Squadron and Third Division were ordered by Admiral William H. Emory. The Third Division consists of Louisiana , Squadron forces, Captain Kossuth Niles; Virginia , Captain Alexander Sharp; Missouri , Captain Robert M. Doyle; and Ohio , Captain Thomas B. Howard.
The Fourth Division is commanded by Rear Admiral Seaton Schroeder. The Fourth Division consists of Wisconsin , Division seeds, Captain Frank E. Beatty; Illinois , Captain John M. Bowyer; Kearsarge , Captain Hamilton Hutchins; and Kentucky , Captain Walter C. Cowles.
The Fleet Auxiliaries is Culgoa (a warehouse), Lieutenant Commander John B. Patton; Yankton (tender), Lieutenant Commander Charles B. McVay; Glacier (storage warehouse), Commander William S. Hogg; Relief (hospital ship), Surgeon Charles F. Stokes; and Panther (ship repair), Commander Valentine S. Nelson.
Final leg
The last leg ran from Manila to Hampton Roads, 12,455 nautical miles (23,067 km).
Itinerary
Experienced experience
The Great White Fleet voyage provides practical experience for US naval personnel in marine duty and ship handling. It also shows the survival of US warships for long-distance operations because no major mechanical crashes occur. However, while the cruise found design flaws, it did not test the ability to engage in fleet action. In fact, the success of the deployment may have contributed to the lack of unclear design that was not addressed until World War I. This includes excessive designs, low armor belts, large turret openings and open ammunition hoists.
Effects on US vessel design
While the capital vessels of the Great White Fleet are obsolete in the "big gun" revolution brought about by the HMS Dreadnought development, their behavior at sea provides valuable information that affects future development. For example, in terms of marine eligibility, all capital vessels in the fleet prove to be wet in all but the quietest seas, which causes the arcs to blaze from the next US warships, increasing the advanced freeboard and spray-reduction measures such as the removal of billboards for anchors and weapons sponsors. Increased freeboard is required; These and related considerations demand an increase in the beam and overall size. Between the warship Florida , the last US vessel was completed before data from the voyage became available, and the Wyoming class , first designed after the data was received, displacement (and, as a result, cost) per ship increased by one third.
Disadvantages in the feasibility of the sea in turn reduce the feasibility of fighting the fleet. The height of the turret for main armament proves too low and needs to be improved. Secondary armament is useless at speed and especially in trade conditions (with winds moving over the sea at 10 knots (19 km/h) or larger and needs to be transported much higher in the hull The upgraded placement starts with Wyoming - class warships and more refined in the Nevada class.) Casemates for 3-inch bow guns in new pre-dreadnoughts can not be sustained because they are wet and removed.The other finding is that, even when full, the underside of the warship side of the warship visible - and the ships susceptible to the shells that might crash underneath to reach their engines and magazines - in the calm to moderate seas.Prown profiles and troughs on some ships contribute to this problem. Evans concluded that the standard 8-mm (2.4 m) standard steel belt was inadequate.
Another crucial shipping requirement is the need for tactical homogeneity. Prior to the voyage, critics such as Captain William Sims (to whom President Roosevelt listened) argued that the design of American warships remained too conservative and impedes the level of efficiency required for the fleet to function as an effective unit. The voyage proves the allegations are true. This will ultimately lead to the construction of standard type warships in the US Navy. When President Roosevelt held the Naval Newport College Conference in 1908, he placed the responsibility for the design of US warships in the General Council of the United States Navy. It gives a line of officers and direct planners of input and control over the design of warships, a pattern that has survived to this day.
Effects on fleet operations
The experience gained by shipping led to improvements in the formation of steam, coal economy and morale. The Gunnery exercise doubles the fleet's accuracy. However, the mission also underlines the dependence of fleets on foreign colliers and the need for additional coaling stations and vessels to unify and supply.
See also
- Great Stick Ideology
- Peace through strength
- List of circumnavigations
- Sandblast operation, Cold War voyage by the US Navy by submarine
- Operation Sea Orbit, Cold War exploration by the world's first all-nuclear squadron
- Summer Toll Exercise, World Test of the US Navy Fleet Counter Plan (FRP)
- Sailing Service Special Squadron
References
Note
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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