Rococo ( or ), less roccoco , or " End of Baroque ", is a remarkable decorative European style that is the last expression of the baroque movement. This pushes into the extreme illusionary and theatrical principles, the effects achieved by solid ornaments, asymmetry, fluid curves, and the use of white and pastel colors combined with gilding, drawing the eye in all directions. Ornaments dominate the architectural space.
Rococo's architectural and decorative style began in France in the first part of the 18th century during the reign of Louis XV in reaction to a more formal and geometrical style of Louis XIV. It's known as rocaille style , or rocaille style. Quickly spread to other parts of Europe, especially Bavaria, Austria, Germany and Russia. It also influences other art, especially painting, sculpture, literature, music, and theater. Artists and architects Rococo use a more jocular, florid, and graceful approach to Baroque. The Rococo has a funny and witty theme. Rococo's interior decoration is designed as a total piece of art with elegant and ornate furniture, small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, and architecture that complement rugs, reliefs, and frescoes. Rococo is also influenced by Chinoiserie and sometimes in the form of Chinese figures and pagodas.
Video Rococo
The origin of the term
The word rococo was first used in 1835 in France, as a humor variation of the word
In the 19th century the term was used to describe the architecture or music that is too ornamental. Since the mid-19th century, this term has been accepted by art historians. Although there is still debate about the historical significance of the style, Rococo is now widely recognized as a major period in the development of European art.
Maps Rococo
Characteristics
The luxuriously decorated architecture has appeared earlier in the baroque period in the architecture of Francesco Borromini in Rome, Guarino Guarini in northern Italy, and in the very decorative churches of Churrigueresque architects in Grenada and Seville in Spain; but the Rococo architect takes a different approach. The exterior of the Rococo building is often simple, while the interior is entirely dominated by their ornaments. This style is very theatrical, designed to impress and amazed at first sight. The floor plan of the church is often complex, showing interlinked ovals; In the palace, the magnificent staircase becomes the centerpieces, and offers various decoration angles.
French Rococo
The Rocaille style, or Rococo of France, appeared in Paris during the reign of Louis XV, and developed between about 1723 and 1759. This style is used primarily in salons, a new style of rooms designed to impress and entertain guests. The most prominent example is the Princess salon at HÃÆ'Â'tel de Soubise in Paris, designed by Germain Boffrand and Charles-Joseph Natoire (1735-40). Characteristics of French Rococo include exceptional art, especially in complex frames made for mirrors and paintings, which are carved with plaster and often gilded; and the use of vegetal forms (vines, leaves, flowers) woven in intricate designs. The furniture also features curls of curls and vegetal designs. Leading designers and craftsmen in style include Juste-Aurele Meissonier, Charles Cressent, and Nicolas Pineau.
The Rocaille style took place in France until the mid-18th century, and while it became more curvy and vegetal, it never achieved the tremendous excitement of Rococo in Bavaria, Austria and Italy. The discovery of Roman antiques that began in 1738 in Herculanum and especially in Pompeii in 1748 turned French architecture toward a more symmetrical and less flamboyant neo-classism.
Italy
Artists in Italy, especially Venice, also produce a cheerful rococo style. The Venetian pagoda mimics the curved lines and ornate carvings of the French rocaille, but with certain Venetian variations; the pieces were painted, often with views or flowers or scenes from Guardi or another painter, or Chinoiserie, with a blue or green background, matching the colors of the school of Venetian painters whose work adorned the salons. The leading decorative painters include Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, who paints the ceilings and murals of both churches and palazzos, and Giovanni Battista Crosato who paints the ceiling of Ca Rezzonico's quadraturo dance hall, giving a three-dimensional illusion. Tiepelo went to Germany with his son in 1752-54, decorating the ceiling of the WÃÆ'¼rzburg Residence, in the main Bavarian rococo spots. The famous Venetian painter was Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, who painted several famous church ceilings.
The Venetian Rococo also features exceptional glasses, especially Murano glass, often carved and colored, which are exported throughout Europe. Jobs include multicolor chandeliers and mirrors with very ornate frames.
Southern Germany and Austria
Between 1680 and 1750 a large number of important castles and castles were built in Germany and Austria, as well as monasteries, built by a religious order, intended as a pilgrimage destination and decorated in luxury. This became a great show of the Baroque movement.. They are often built by Italian craftsmen, or those who have been trained in Italy. One of the earliest creators of the rococo style was Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, whose principal work included the Schoenbrun Palace, and Karlskirche in Vienna (1716-1729) combining the grandeur and art of Versailles with the work of the Italian Baroque. Karlskirche displays an oval dome, painted luxuriously, above the nave. Like many rococo churches later on, it combines rococo in the framework of classical columns and pediment.
While the main centers of Vienna and Prague at the end of Baroque and Rococo, impressive castles and churches were built in the Swabian region of Bavaria, Franconia; Dresden and Potsdam also became the center of Rococo. Balthasar Neumann (1687-1753) brought rococo to a new level of luxury Neumann was the author of the WÃÆ'¼rzburg Residence (1737) which Neumann called the "light theater". A ladder with three ramps leads up to the ceiling painted by Tiepolo. A staircase is also a central element in the residence that he built at the Palace of Augustusburg in BrÃÆ'¼hl (1743-1748). There are stairs are the main feature, bringing visitors through the fantasy of cement from painting, sculpture, iron and decoration, with a stunning view at every turn. (1741-1744),
Other important figures in the German rococo or the late baroques include Matthias Daniel PÃÆ'¶ppelmann and Balthasar Permoser, who designed the Zwinger Pavilion in Dresden (1709-1728) a space devised for ceremonies and celebrations, very theatrical, with overflowing ornaments on the facade and magnificent staircases in inland. The building was destroyed during the Second World War, but it has been reconstructed.
Johann Michael Fischer is the architect of Ottobeuren Abbey (1748-1766), the most famous Rococo Rococo landmark. Church features, like many rococo architectures in Germany, the extraordinary contrast between the regularity of the facade and the overflowing decoration in the interior.
Another great rococo discovery in Bavaria is the Hunting Pavilion of Amalienburg, in Munich, by FranÃÆ'§ois de CuvilliÃÆ'Â © s.
English
In the United Kingdom, rococo is called "French taste" and has less influence on design and decorative art than on the European continent. although its influence is felt in areas such as silver, porcelain, and silk. William Hogarth helped to develop the theoretical foundation for Rococo's beauty. Although it does not mention rococo by name, he argues in his book Analysis of Beauty (1753) that the wavy lines and S-curves that stand out in Rococo are the basis for elegance and beauty in art or nature (unlike straight lines or circles in Classicism).
Rococo is slow to arrive in England. Before entering Rococo, English furniture for some time followed the neoclassical Palladian model under the designer William Kent, designed for Lord Burlington and other important customers of the arts. Kent went to Italy with Lord Burlington between 1712 and 1720, and brought back many models and ideas from Palladio. He designed furniture for Hampton Court Palace (1732), Lord Burlington's Chiswick House (1729), London, Thomas Coke's Holkham Hall, Norfolk, piles of Robert Walpole in Houghton, for Devonshire House in London, and at Rousham..
Mahogany made his appearance in England in about 1720, and soon became popular for furniture, along with walnut wood. The Rococo began appearing in England between 1740 and 1750. Thomas Chippendale's furniture was the closest to the Rococo style. In 1754 he published "Gentleman's and Cabinet-makers' directory", a design catalog for rococo, chinoiserie and even Gothic furniture, which gained widespread popularity, through three editions. Unlike French designers, Chippendale does not use marquetry or inlay in his furniture. The main ornamental furniture designer is Vile and Cob, cabinet maker for King George III. Another important figure in British furniture was Thomas Johnson, who in 1761, very late in that period, published a catalog of Roroco furniture designs. These include furniture based on rather fantastic Chinese and Indian motifs, including canopy beds crowned by Chinese pagodas (now in the Victoria and Albert Museum).
Tokoh penting lainnya di Rococo Inggris termasuk perajin perak Charles Friedrich Kandler.
Tolak dan akhiri
Art Boucher and other painters of the day, with their emphasis on mythology and decorative genius, soon inspired a reaction, and demand for a more "noble" theme. While rococo continues in Germany and Austria, the French Academy in Rome begins to teach the classical style. This was confirmed by the nomination of Le Troy as director of the Academy in 1738, and later in 1751 by Charles-Joseph Natoire.
Madame de Pompadour, mistress Louis XV contributed to the decline of baroque and rococo styles. In 1750 he sent his nephew, Abel-FranÃÆ'§ois Poisson de VandiÃÆ'¨¨res, on a two-year mission to study artistic and archaeological developments in Italy. She is accompanied by several artists, including the carver Nicolas Cochin and architect Soufflot. They returned to Paris in the spirit of classical art. VandiÃÆ'  © res became the Marquis of Marigny, and was appointed general director of the King's Building. He changed the official French architecture towards the neoclassical. Cochin became an important art critic; he denounced the petit style of Boucher, and called for a great style with a new emphasis on ancient times and nobility in the academy of painting and architecture.
The beginning of the end for Rococo came in the early 1760s as figures like Voltaire and Jacques-FranÃÆ'§§ois Blondel began voicing their criticism of the superficiality and art degeneration. Blondel denounced "a spate of shells, dragons, reeds, palm trees and plants" that is ridiculous in contemporary interiors. In 1785, Rococo was out of fashion in France, replaced by the order and seriousness of Neoclassical artists such as Jacques-Louis David. In Germany, the 18th-century Rococo was ridiculed as Zopf und PerÃÆ'¼cke ("pigtail and periwig"), and this phase is sometimes referred to as Zopfstil . Rococo remained popular in the province and in Italy, until the second phase of neoclassicism, "Style Empire", arrived with the Napoleonian government and swept the Rococo.
Furniture and Decorations
The ornamental style called rocaille appeared in France between 1710 and 1750, mostly during the district and government of Louis XV; the style is also called Louis Quinze . Its main characteristics are beautiful detail, curves and curves opposite, asymmetry, and the joy of the theater. On Paris's new salon wall, winding and winding designs, usually made of gold plated or painted plaster, twisted doors and mirrors like tendrils. One of the earliest exampls was HÃÆ'Â'tel Soubise in Paris (1704-05), with a famous oval salon adorned with paintings by Boucher, and Charles-Joseph Natoire.
The most famous French furniture designer of the period was Juste-AurÃÆ'¨le Meissonnier (1695-1750), who was also a sculptor, painter. and a goldsmith for the royal family. He holds the official designer's title for the Chamber and the Cabinet of Louis XV. His work is very famous today because of the many carvings made from his work. That popularized the style across Europe. designed to work for the royal family of Poland and Portugal.
Italy is another place where Rococo is growing, both in its early and later stages. Craftsmen in Rome, Milan, and Venice all produce elaborately decorated furnishings and decorative items.
The carved decorations include fleurettes, palmettes, seashells, and foliage, carved from wood. The most luxurious rocaille form found in consoles, tables designed to stand against the wall. The Commodes, or crate, which first appeared under Louis XIV, is adorned with rocaille ornaments made of bronze gold. They are made by master craftsmen including Jean-Pierre Latz and also feature marquetry of different colored woods, sometimes placed in a cubic pattern of dams, made with light and dark wood. This period also saw the arrival of Chinoiserie, often in the form of a lacquered and gilded comedy, called falcon de Chine of Vernis Martin , after ebenist who introduced this technique to France.. Ormolu, or gold-plated bronze, is used by skilled craftsmen including Jean-Pierre Latz. Latz made a special decorative clock mounted on a cartonnier for Frederick the Great for his palace in Potsdam. Chinese imported porcelain pieces are often installed in bronze rococo settings for display on a table or console at the salon. Other craftsmen imitate Japanese-branded furniture, and produce commods with Japanese motifs.
British Rococo tends to be more controllable. The design of Thomas Chippendale furniture guarded the curves and nuances, but stopped from the height of France from the imagination. The most successful exponents of the British Rococo are Thomas Johnson, a gifted sculptor and furniture designer who worked in London in the mid-18th century.
Interior Design
The Palace of Solitude in Stuttgart, the Chinese Palace in Oranienbaum, the Bavarian Wies church, and the Sanssouci in Potsdam are examples of Rococo in European architecture. A sporty, fantastic, and sculptural form is expressed with abstract ornament using a fiery, leafy or shell-like texture in asymmetrical sweep and developing and broken curves; Rococo's intimate interior suppresses the architrave, frieze and cornice architectural divisions of beautiful, strange, and odd, expressed in plastic materials such as carved wood and above all plaster (as in the Wessobrunner School). The walls, ceiling, furniture, and metal and porcelain works present a unified ensemble. The Rococo palette is softer and pale than the rich primary colors and dark tones favored in Baroque tastes.
Some quick anti-architectural guidance developed into a full Rococo in the late 1720s and began to influence the interior and decorative arts throughout Europe. The richest forms of Rococo Germany are in German Catholicism. Inaugurated in several rooms at Versailles, its grandeur lies in several Parisian buildings (especially HÃÆ'Â'tel Soubise). In Germany, Belgian and German artists (CuvilliÃÆ' Â © s, Neumann, Knobelsdorff, etc.) influenced the dignified equipment of the Amalienburg near Munich, and the palaces of WÃÆ'¼rzburg, Potsdam, Charlottenburg, BrÃÆ'¼hl, Bruchsal, Solitude (Stuttgart), and Scha ¶nbrunn.
In the United Kingdom, Hogarth's paintings form a melodramatic moral story titled Marriage ÃÆ' la Mode , engraved in 1745, showing the parade rooms of a London-style house, where the only rococo is in the plasterwork of the salon ceiling. The Palladian architecture is in control. Here, above the Kentian fireplace, the Chinese vase and Chinese mandarin are satirically dubbed as a creepy little monstrosity, and Rococo's clock is a pile of tree branches. Rococo plasterwork by Italian-Swiss immigrant artists such as Bagutti and Artari is a home feature by James Gibbs, and the Lafranchini brothers who work in Ireland match whatever is tried in the UK.
Painting
Elements of the Rocaille style appear in the works of several French artists, including a taste for exquisite detail; curves and opposite curves; and the disimetry replaces the baroque movement with excitement, though the French rocaille never reaches the luxury of the German rococo. The main supporter is Antoine Watteau, especially in the Pilgrimage in the Isle of Cythera (1717), the Louvre, in a genre called FÃÆ'ªte Galante depicting scenes of young nobles gathering to celebrate in the arrangement pastoral. Watteau died in 1721 at the age of thirty-seven, but his work continued to have influence throughout the rest of the century. Painting Pilgrimage to Cythera was bought by Frederick the Great of Prussia in 1752 or 1765 to decorate his court of Charlottenberg in Berlin.
The successors of Watteau and FÃÆ'  © te Galante in decorative paintings are FranÃÆ'§ois Boucher (1703-1770), favorite painter Madame de Pompadour. His work included the sensual Toilette de Venus (1746), which became one of the best examples of that style. Boucher participates in all genres of time, designs rugs, models for porcelain sculptures, arranges decorations for Paris operas and opera-comics, and decorations for the Saint-Laurent Exhibition. Other important painters of the FÃÆ'ªte Galante style include Nicolas Lancret and Jean-Baptiste Pater. This style was primarily influenced by FranÃÆ'§ois Lemoyne, who painted the extravagant decorations of the ceiling of the Hercules Salon at the Palace of Versailles, completed in 1735. The paintings with brave and mythological themes by Boucher, Pierre-Charles Trà © © moliÃÆ'¨res and Charles- Joseph Natoire adorned the famous salon HÃÆ'Â'tel Soubise in Paris (1735-40). Other Rococo painters include: Jean FranÃÆ'§ois de Troy (1679-1752), Jean-Baptiste van Loo (1685-1745), two sons Louis-Michel van Loo (1707-1771) and Charles-Amà © dà © e © e -Philippe van Loo (1719-1795), his younger brother Charles-AndrÃÆ' © van Loo (1705-1765), and Nicolas Lancret (1690-1743).
In Austria and Southern Germany, Italian painting has the greatest effect on Rococo style. Venetian painter Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, assisted by his son, Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo, was invited to paint fresco for WÃÆ'¼rzburg Residence (1720-1744). The most famous painter of Bavarian rococo churches is Johann Baptist Zimmermann, who painted the Wieskirche ceiling (1745-54)
Sculpture and Porcelain
Religious statues follow the Italian baroque style, as exemplified in the altar of the Karlskirche theater in Vienna. However, many of Rococo's statues are lighter and offer more movement than the classic Louis XIV style. Particularly encouraged by Madame de Pompadour, the mistress of Louis XV, who assigns much work to the castle and his garden. Sculptor EdmÃÆ' Â © Bouchardon represents the Cupid involved in the love dart carving of the Rococo Hercules style club - the demigod man turns into a gentle boy, the club that breaks the bone into a spicy heart-arrow, just as marble is so freely replaced with plastering. ÃÆ' â € ° tienne-Maurice Falconet (1716-1791) was another prominent French sculptor during that period. French sculptor Jean-Louis Lemoyne, Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, Louis-Simon Boizot, Michel Clodion, and Pigalle are also active. In Italy, Antonio Corradini is one of the leading sculptors of Rococo style. As a Venetian, he traveled around Europe, working for Peter the Great in St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg, for imperial palaces in Austria and Naples. He prefers sentimental themes, and makes some skilled women's works with faces covered by veils, one of which is now in the Louvre.
A newly emerged small scale sculpture, made of porcelain, mounted on a bronze or marble pedestal and displayed on the console table and dining room table. Swiss-born Swiss sculptor Franz Anton Bustelli produces various colorful figures for the Porcelain Nymphenburg plant in Bavaria, which is sold throughout Europe. French sculptor ÃÆ' â € ° tienne-Maurice Falconet (1716-1791) follows this example. While also making large-scale work, he became director of the Sevres Porcelain factory and produced small-scale work, usually about love and cheerfulness, for production in series.
Music
The Rococo period is in music history, though it is not known as the Baroque and later the Classical form. Rococo's own musical style developed from baroque music in France, where the new style is called the galante style ("dashing" or "elegant" style), and in Germany, where it is called empfindsamer stil ("sensitive style"). It can be characterized as light and intimate music with a very elaborate and delicate form of ornamentation. Exemplars include Jean Philippe Rameau, Louis-Claude Daquin and François Couperin in France; in Germany, the main advocates of that style are C. P. E. Bach and Johann Christian Bach, two sons of J.S. the famous. Bach.
In the second half of the 18th century, the reaction to the Rococo style occurred, especially against the use of excessive ornaments and decorations. Led by C.P.E. Bach (the perfect Rococo composer in himself), Domenico Scarlatti, and Christoph Willibald Gluck, this reaction ushered in the Classical era. At the beginning of the 19th century, Catholic opinion has turned against the suitability of style to the ecclesiastical context because it is "not at all conducive to devotional sentiment".
Rococo mode
Rococo mode is based on luxury, elegance, subtlety and decor. The fashion of seventeenth-century women contrasts with the 18th century fashion, which is full of ornaments and sophisticated, true Rococo style. This time is known as 'Enlightenment', which respects the reason for authority. Influences for art, culture, and fashion shifted its center from Versailles to Paris. The exceptional, fun, elegant decorating and design style we now know as 'Rococo' came to be known as 'le style rocaille', 'le style moderne', 'le gout'.
A style that emerged in the early eighteenth century was the 'robe volante', a flowing gown, which became popular towards the end of King Louis XIV's reign. This dress features a corset with a large crease that flows back to the ground on a round skirt. Rich-colored ceilings, dark fabrics are accompanied by intricate and heavy design features. After the death of Louis XIV the style of clothes began to change. Fashion turned into a lighter, more reckless style, transitioning from the baroque period to the famous Rococo style. The next period is known for their pastel colors, more open skirts, and most frills, tassels, bows, and lace for decoration. Shortly after the typical women's Rococo dress was introduced, the ÃÆ' la FranÃÆ'§oise cloak, a dress with a tight corset that had a low cut neckline, usually with a large ribbon on the center of the front, a wide pannier, and trimmed in luxury with lace, ribbons, and flowers in bulk.
The Watteau folds are also becoming more popular, named after the painter Jean-Antoine Watteau, who paints details of dresses down to lace stiches and other ornaments with great accuracy. Then, the 'pannier' and the 'mantua ' became fashionable around 1718, they were a wide circle under the dress to extend the hips to the side and they soon became a staple in formal wear. It gives the Rococo period an iconic dress of wide hips combined with a large number of ornaments in the garment. Pannier's width is worn for special occasions, and can reach up to 16 feet (4.8 meters) in diameter, and small circles are worn for everyday settings. These features originally came from the seventeenth-century Spanish style, known as 'guardainfante', originally designed to conceal a pregnant belly, then redefine later as a shopping cart. Ã,1745 into the Golden Age Rococo with the introduction of a more exotic oriental culture in France called 'i la turque', made popular by the lady of Louis XV, Madame Pompadour, who commissioned artist Charles Andre Van Loo, painted it as Turkish sultana.In the 1760s , a less formal dressing style is submerged and one of them is 'polonaise', with inspiration taken from Poland.It is shorter than a French dress, allowing underskirt and ankle to be seen, which makes it easier to move in. The other dresses that come into fashion are the 'cloak a l'anglais' , whose elements include being inspired by men's fashion: short jackets, broad collars, and long sleeves. et comfortable, full skirt without pannier, but still a bit long behind to form a small carriage, and often some kind of kerchief lace worn around the neck. The other part is 'redingote', in the middle between the robe and the mantle.
Accessories are also important for all women during this time, as they are added to the glamor and body decor to match their dress. In every woman a formal ceremony is required to cover their hands and arms with gloves if their clothes are sleeveless.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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