Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 - April 2, 1872) was an American painter and inventor. Having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age, Morse contributed to the invention of a single wire telegraph system based on European telegraph. He is one of the developers of Morse code and helped develop the commercial use of telegraph.
Video Samuel Morse
Birth and education
Samuel F. B. Morse was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, the first son of pastor Jedidiah Morse (1761-1826), who was also a geographer, and his wife Elizabeth Ann Finley Breese (1766-1828). His father was a great preacher of the Calvinist faith and a supporter of the American Federalist party. He thinks it helps preserve the Puritan tradition (strict adherence to the Sabbath, among other things), and believes in the Federalist support of an alliance with Britain and a strong central government. Morse strongly believes in education within the framework of the Federalist, in addition to the application of Calvinistic morality, morals, and prayers for his first son.
After attending Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, Samuel Morse went to Yale College to receive instruction in the subjects of religious philosophy, mathematics, and horse science. While at Yale, he attended lectures on electricity from Benjamin Silliman and Jeremiah's Day and became a member of the Union of Brothers in Unity. He supported himself by painting. In 1810, he graduated from Yale with the Phi Beta Kappa award.
Maps Samuel Morse
Painting
Morse expressed some Calvinist beliefs in his painting, The Pilgrim Landing, through the portrayal of simple clothing and the faces of hard people. His shadow captures the psychology of the Federalists; Calvinists from England brought North American ideas about religion and government, thereby linking the two countries. This work attracted the attention of famous artist, Washington Allston. Allston wants Morse to accompany him to England to meet artist Benjamin West. Allston is set up - with Morse's father - only three years to study painting in England. The two men sailed aboard Libyan on July 15, 1811.
In England, Morse perfected his painting techniques under Allston's supervision; at the end of 1811, he was accepted at the Royal Academy. At the Academy, he is driven by Renaissance art and heed the works of Michelangelo and Raphael. After observing and practicing drawing life and absorbing his anatomical demands, the young artist produced his masterpiece, Dying Hercules . (He first made a statue as a study for the painting.)
For some, Dying Hercules seems to represent a political statement against the British as well as the American Federalists. The muscles symbolize the power of a young and vibrant United States against British and British-American supporters. During the Morse period in England, America and Britain were involved in the War of 1812. Both societies were in conflict over loyalty. The Anti-Federalist Americans adapted to France, hated the British, and believed that a powerful central government was inherently dangerous to democracy.
As the war raged, Morse's letter to his parents became more anti-Federalist in tone. In one such letter, Morse wrote:
"I affirm that the Federalists in the Northern States have been hurting more of their country by their violent opposition measures than the French alliance can do, the process being copied into English newspapers, read in front of Parliament, and circulated through the state they, and what they do say about them... they call them cowardly [Federalists], a basic set, say they are traitors to their country and must be hung like traitors. "
Although Jedidiah Morse did not change Samuel's political views, he continued as an influence. Critics believe that the older Calvinist ideas of Morse were an integral part of Morse's Judgment of Jupiter, other important work completed in England. Jupiter is shown in the cloud, accompanied by his hawk, with his hands spread over the parties and he speaks the judgment. Marpessa, with an expression of pity and shame, threw herself into his husband's arms. Idas, who gently loved Marpessa, eagerly rushed to receive it while Apollo stared in surprise.
Critics have suggested that Jupiter represents God's omnipotence - watching every movement made. Some call the portrait a moral teaching by Morse about infidelity. Although Marpessa became a victim, she realized that her eternal salvation was important and stopped from her evil ways. Apollo showed no remorse for what he did but stood with a puzzled look. Many American paintings throughout the early nineteenth century had religious themes, and Morse was the earliest example of this. Jupiter's verdict enables Morse to express his support for Anti-Federalism while maintaining his strong spiritual beliefs. Benjamin West tried to present Jupiter at another Royal Academy exhibition, but Morse's time was up. He left England on August 21, 1815, to return to the United States and start a full-time career as a painter.
The decade of 1815-1825 marked a significant growth in Morse's work, as he sought to capture the essence of American culture and life. He painted former Federalist President John Adams (1816). Federalists and Anti-Federalists clashed at Dartmouth College. Morse painted portraits of Francis Brown - the college presidency - and Judge Woodward (1817), who was involved in bringing the Dartmouth case before the US Supreme Court.
Morse is also looking for a commission among the elite of Charleston, South Carolina. Morse's 1818 painting of Ny. Emma Quash symbolizes the luxury of Charleston. The young artist did it well for himself. Between 1819 and 1821, Morse underwent major changes in his life, including a commission decline due to Panic in 1819. Unable to stop the rift in Calvinism, his father was forced to resign from the ministerial post, which he held for three decades. The newly formed branch is the Unitarian of the Congregation, Morse considers them to be anti-Federalists, because their beliefs are related to the salvation of religion.
Although Samuel Morse respects his father's religious opinion, he sympathizes with the Unitarians. Among those who moved to Unitarianism were the leading Pickerings of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, which Morse painted. Some critics consider his sympathy to represent his own anti-Federalism. Morse was commissioned to paint President James Monroe in 1820. He embodied Jefferson's democracy by favoring the laity of the nobility.
Morse moved to New Haven. His commission for the Hall of Congress (1821) and the portrait of Marquis de Lafayette (1825) involves a sense of democratic nationalism. The Hall of Congress was designed to capitalize on the success of the FranÃÆ'§ois-Marius Granet Capuchin Chapel in Rome, which explored the United States extensively throughout the 1820s, attracting spectators willing to pay fees registration 25 cents.
The artist chose to paint the House of Representatives, in the same way, with careful attention to architecture and dramatic lighting. He also wants to choose a typical American topic that will bring glory to the young nation. His subject did so, showing American democracy in action. He traveled to Washington D.C. to draw a new Capitol architecture and put eighty individuals in the painting. He chose to photograph the night scene, balancing the Rotunda architecture with its figures, and using lights to highlight work. Couples of people, those who stand alone, people who bend over their desks work, each painted with a simple but with a character face. Morse chose the evening to convey that Congress's dedication to the principles of democracy transcended the day.
The Hall of Congress failed to attract the crowd when it was exhibited in New York City in 1821. In contrast, John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence had won popular recognition the previous year. Viewers may feel that the architecture of the Congress Hall is overshadowing the individual, making it difficult to appreciate the drama about what happened.
Morse was honored to paint the Marquis de Lafayette, a leading French supporter of the American Revolution. He felt compelled to paint a large portrait of men who helped establish a free and independent America. He displays Lafayette against a magnificent sunset. He has positioned Lafayette on the right three pedestals: one has a statue of Benjamin Franklin, another from George Washington, and a third seems to be reserved for Lafayette. The tranquil forest landscape beneath it symbolizes the peace and prosperity of America as it approaches the age of fifty. The growing friendship between Morse and Lafayette and their discussion of the Revolutionary War affected the artist after he returned to New York City.
In 1826, he helped found the National Academy of Design in New York City. He served as President of the Academy from 1826 to 1845 and returned from 1861 to 1862.
From 1830 to 1832, Morse traveled and studied in Europe to improve his painting skills, visiting Italy, Switzerland, and France. During his time in Paris, he developed a friendship with writer James Fennimore Cooper. As a project, he painted a miniature copy of 38 famous paintings of the Louvre on a single canvas (6 ft x 9 ft), which he titled The Gallery of the Louvre. He finished his work back to the United States.
On his next visit to Paris in 1839, Morse met Louis Daguerre. He became interested in the latter's daguerreotype - the first practical means of photography. Morse wrote to the New York Observer describing this discovery, which was widely publicized in the American media and gave wide awareness of new technology.
Beberapa lukisan dan patung Morse dipajang di perkebunan Locust Grove di Poughkeepsie, New York.
- Karya seni Morse
Karya seni yang dikaitkan
Telegraph
As noted, in 1825 New York City had commissioned Morse to paint portraits of Lafayette in Washington, DC. While Morse was painting, a horse messenger sent a letter from his father that read, "Your dearest beloved is well." The next day, he received a letter from his father detailing his wife's sudden death. Morse soon left Washington for his home in New Haven, leaving unfinished portraits of Lafayette. By the time he arrived, his wife had been buried. Heartbroken that for days he was not aware of his wife's failing health and his death, he decided to look for a fast way of long distance communication.
When he returned with a ship from Europe in 1832, Morse met Charles Thomas Jackson of Boston, a man who was well educated in electromagnetism. Watching various experiments with Jackson's electromagnet, Morse developed the concept of a single wire telegraph. He set aside his painting, The Gallery of the Louvre . The original Morse telegraph, filed with his patent application, is part of the National Museum of American History collection at the Smithsonian Institution. In time the Morse code, which he developed, will become the world's premier telegraph language. Still standard for rhythmic data transmission.
Meanwhile, William Cooke and Professor Charles Wheatstone had studied electromagnetic telegraphs Wilhelm Weber and Carl Gauss in 1833. They had reached the stage of commercial telegraph launch before Morse, although it began later. In England, Cooke became fascinated by the electric telegraph in 1836, four years after Morse. Aided by her larger financial resources, Cooke left the main subject of anatomy and built a small electrical telegraph within three weeks. Wheatstone also experimented with telegraphy and (most importantly) understood that a single large battery would not carry telegraph signals remotely. He theorizes that many small batteries are far more successful and efficient in this task. (Wheatstone builds on the main research of Joseph Henry, an American physicist). Cooke and Wheatstone formed a partnership and patented an electrical telegraph in May 1837, and in a short time had provided the Great Western Railway with a telegraph span of 13 miles (21 km). However, within a few years, Cooke and Wheatstone's multi-wire signal methods will be defeated by the cheaper Morse method.
In a letter of 1848 to a friend, Morse explained how eagerly he fought to be called the sole inventor of the electromagnetic telegraph despite his earlier findings.
I have been constantly under the necessity of watching the most nondescript pirate movements I have ever known, that all my time has been occupied in defense, in putting evidence into something like a legal form that I am the inventor of Electro. -Magnetic Telegraph! Will you believe it ten years ago that a question can be asked about it?
Relays
Morse found the problem of getting a telegraph signal to carry over several hundred meters of wire. His breakthrough came from the insight of Professor Leonard Gale, who teaches chemistry at New York University (he is a personal friend of Joseph Henry). With the help of Gale, Morse introduced extra circuits or relays at frequent intervals and was soon able to send messages over a ten-mile (16 km) wire. This was the big break he was looking for. Morse and Gale soon joined Alfred Vail, an enthusiastic young man with excellent skills, insight, and money.
At Speedwell Ironworks in Morristown, New Jersey on January 11, 1838, Morse and Vail made the first public demonstrations of the electric telegraph. Although Morse and Alfred Vail have done most of the research and development in iron facilities, they chose a factory house nearby as a demonstration site. Without a repeater, the telegraph range is limited to two miles (3.2 km), and the inventor has pulled two miles (3.2 km) of cable inside the factory house through a complicated scheme. The first public transmission, with the message, "Servant is patient no less", witnessed by most local people.
Morse goes to Washington, D.C. in 1838 sought a federal sponsor for telegraph lines but to no avail. He went to Europe, looking for sponsors and patents, but in London found that Cooke and Wheatstone had set priorities. After returning to the United States, Morse eventually got financial support by Congressman Maine Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith. This funding can be the first example of government support to private researchers, especially funding for applied research (not basic or theoretical research).
Federal Support
Morse made his final trip to Washington, D.C., in December 1842, stringing "a cable between two committee rooms on the Capitol, and sending back and forth messages" to show his telegraph system. Congress used $ 30,000 in 1843 for the construction of an experimental 38 miles (61 km) telegraph between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore along the right lanes of Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The impressive demonstration took place on May 1, 1844, when the Whist Henry Clay Party nomination for the US president was sent from a party convention in Baltimore to the Capitol Building in Washington.
On May 24, 1844, the line was officially opened when Morse sent the now famous words, "What hath God wrought," from the Supreme Court room in the basement of the US Capitol building in Washington, DC, to B & O's Mount Clare Station in Baltimore. Annie Ellsworth chose these words from the Bible (Numbers 23:23); his father, US Patent Commissioner Henry Leavitt Ellsworth, has championed Morse's discovery and earned initial funding for it. His telegraph can send thirty characters per minute.
In May 1845, the Magnetic Telegraph Company was formed to build a telegraph line from New York City to Philadelphia; Boston; Buffalo, New York; and Mississippi. The telegraph line quickly spread throughout the United States in the next few years, with 12,000 miles of wire laid in 1850.
Morse at one time adopted the ideas of Wheatstone and Carl August von Steinheil on broadcasting electrical telegraph signals through bodies of water or steel rail lines or anything conductive. He strives to win a lawsuit over the right to be called "the inventor of the telegraph" and promotes himself as the inventor. But Alfred Vail also played an important role in the development of Morse code, which was based on the previous code for the electromagnetic telegraph.
Patent
Morse received a patent for telegraph in 1847, at the old Beylerbeyi Palace (Beylerbeyi Palace which was now built in 1861-1865 at the same site) in Istanbul, issued by Sultan AbdÆ'¼¼lmecid, who personally tested new discoveries. He was elected Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1849. The original patent went to the Breese side of the family after Samuel Morse's death.
In the 1850s, Morse went to Copenhagen and visited the Thorvaldsens Museum, where the tomb of the sculptor was in the inner courtyard. He was accepted by King Frederick VII, who adorned it with the Dannebrog Order. Morse expressed his desire to donate his portrait from 1830 to the king. Thorvaldsen's portrait today belongs to Margrethe II of Denmark.
The Morse telegraph apparatus was officially adopted as the standard for the European telegraph in 1851. Only the British Empire (with its vast foreign empire) kept the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph needles.
In 1858, Morse introduced cable communications to Latin America when he established a telegraph system in Puerto Rico, then the Spanish Colony. Morse's oldest son, Susan Walker Morse (1819-1885), often visits his uncle Charles Pickering Walker, who owns Hacienda Concordia in the city of Guayama. During one of his visits, he met Edward Lind, a Danish merchant who worked at Hacienda La Henriqueta, his brother in the town of Arroyo. They are then married. Lind bought Hacienda from her sister when she became a widow. Morse, who often spent his winter at Hacienda with his daughter and son-in-law, installed a two-mile telegraph line connecting his daughter-in-law Hacienda to their home in Arroyo. The line was inaugurated on March 1, 1859, in a ceremony flanked by Spanish and American flags. The first words conveyed by Samuel Morse that day in Puerto Rico are:
"Puerto Rico, a beautiful gem! When you connect with other gems of Antilles in the world's telegraph necklace, you will not shine less brilliantly in your Queen's crown!
There is an argument among historians that Morse may have accepted a reasonable telegraph idea from Harrison Gray Dyar about eighteen years earlier than his patent.
Political view
Morse was a leader in anti-Catholic and anti-immigration movements in the mid-19th century. In 1836, he failed to run the mayor of New York under the banner of the anti-immigrant Nativist Party, receiving only 1496 votes. When Morse visited Rome, he allegedly refused to take off his hat before the Pope.
Morse works to unite Protestants against Catholic institutions (including schools), wants to ban Catholics from holding public office, and promotes changes to immigration laws to limit immigration from Catholic countries. On this topic, he writes, "First we must stop the leaks on the ship through which the muddy water from without threatening to drown us."
He wrote many letters to the New York Observer (his brother Sidney was the editor at the time) urging people to counter the perceived Catholic threat. This is reprinted widely in other newspapers. Among other claims, he believes that the Austrian government and Catholic relief organizations subsidize Catholic immigration to the United States to gain control over the state.
In Foreign Conspiracy Against United States Liberties , Morse wrote:
Surely Protestant Americans, free men, have enough dexterity to find under them the accursed feet of this fine foreign heresy. They will see that the Pope now, what ever happened, a system of darkest political intrigue and despotism, envelops itself to avoid attacks under the holy name of religion. They will be most impressed with the truth, that the Pope is a political and religious system; that in this case differs entirely from all other sects, from all other forms of religion in this country.
In the 1850s, Morse was known as a defender of slavery, regarded it as a sanctuary by God. This is the position held by many South and others. In his pamphlet "An Argument of Ethical Position of Slavery," he wrote:
My acknowledgment of the problem of slavery is brief. Slavery is not a sin. It is a social condition ordained from the beginning of the world for the wisest, most benevolent and disciplined purpose, by Divine Wisdom. Therefore, holding a slave is simply a condition that has no moral character in it, anything other than being a parent, or an employer, or a ruler.
Wedding
Morse married Lucretia Pickering Walker on September 29, 1818, in Concord, New Hampshire. He died on February 7, 1825, shortly after the birth of their third child (Susan b) 1819, Charles b) 1823, James b) 1825). He married his second wife, Sarah Elizabeth Griswold on August 10, 1848, in Utica, New York and had four children (Samuel b.1849, Cornelia b.1851, William b. 1853, Edward b.1857).
Next year
Litigation over telegraph patent
In the United States, Morse held his telegraph patent for years, but both were ignored and contested. In 1853, the Telegraph Patent Case - O'Reilly v. Morse occurred in the presence of the US Supreme Court where, after a very long investigation, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney decided that Morse was the first to combine the correct battery, electromagnetism, electromagnet and battery configuration into a practical telegraph that could applied. However, despite this clear decision, Morse still has not received official recognition from the United States government.
The Supreme Court did not accept all Morse claims. Case O'Reilly v. Morse has become well known among patent attorneys because the Supreme Court explicitly rejects Morse 8 claims for any and all uses of electromagnetic forces for the purpose of transmitting understandable signals to any distance.
However, the Supreme Court retained Morse's claim to the telecommunications when effected with Morse's inventive "repeater" tool. This is an electrical circuit in which the set of many sets consists of relays and batteries connected in series, so that when each relay is closed, it closes the circuit to cause the next battery to turn on the next relay, as suggested in the attached section. numbers. This causes the Morse signal to pass through the cascade without lowering the noise because its amplitude decreases with the distance traveled. (Each time the signal amplitude approaches the noise level, the repeater [the effect, the nonlinear amplifier] increases the signal amplitude well above the noise level.) The use of this "repeater" allows messages to be sent to distant, previously unfeasible distances.
Therefore the Supreme Court declares that Morse can claim a patent monopoly on a system or process of transmitting a signal at any distance by using the repeater circuit shown above, but it can not claim a monopoly over any and all uses of the electromagnetic force to transmit the signal. The limitation of the apparatus in the previous type of claim limits the patent monopoly on what the world teaches and gives to Morse. The absence of restrictions in the latter type of claim (ie, claim 8) both gives Morse more than is equal to what it has contributed to society and hinders the inventive efforts of others who may appear in different ways and/or better to send signals at a distance far using electromagnetic force.
The problems facing Morse and how he solved them are discussed in more detail in the article O'Reilly v. Morse . In short, the solution, as stated by the Supreme Court, is the repeater equipment described in the preceding paragraph.
The importance of this legal precedent in patent law can not be overstated, as it becomes the legal basis governing the feasibility of computer programs that apply the invention (as well as discoveries that implement natural laws) to be granted patents.
Foreign recognition
Assisted by the American ambassador in Paris, the European government was approached about their old neglect of Morse while their country used its invention. There was widespread recognition that something had to be done, and in 1858 Morse was awarded the amount of 400,000 French francs (equivalent to about $ 80,000 at the time) by the governments of France, Austria, Belgium, The Netherlands, Piedmont, Russia, Sweden. , Toscana, and Turkey, each contributing according to the number of Morse instruments used in each country. In 1858, he was also elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Transatlantic cable
Morse gave his support to Cyrus West Field's ambitious plans to build the first transoceanic telegraph line. Morse has been experimenting with underwater telegraph circuits since 1842. He invested $ 10,000 in the Atlantic Telegraph Field Company, took a seat on his board of directors, and was appointed "Electrician" honor. In 1856, Morse went to London to help Charles Tilston Bright and Edward Whitehouse test a 2,000-mile spool cable.
After the first two cabling attempts failed, Field reorganized the project, removing Morse from direct involvement. Although the cable broke three times during the third attempt, it was successfully repaired, and the first transatlantic telegraph message was sent in 1858. The cable failed after only three months of use. Although Field had to wait for the Civil War, the cables that were installed in 1866 proved to be more durable, and the era of reliable transatlantic telegram service had begun.
In addition to telegraphs, Morse invented a marble cutting machine that could carve a three-dimensional statue in marble or stone. He can not patent it, because there is an existing Thomas Blanchard 1820 design.
Recent years and death
Samuel Morse gives a lot of money to charity. He also became interested in the relationship of science and religion and provided funds to establish a professorship in "Scripture with Science". Although he rarely gets royalties for his use and application in the future, he can live comfortably.
He died in New York City on April 2, 1872, and was buried at the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. At the time of his death, his land was valued at about $ 500,000 ($ 10.2 million today).
Awards and awards
Morse was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1815.
Despite the financial awards and awards received from abroad, there was no such recognition in the US until he was nearing the end of his life when on June 10, 1871, the bronze statue of Samuel Morse was unveiled at Central Park, New York City. An engraved Morse portrait appeared on the reverse side of a US $ 2 certificate of silver certificate in 1896. He was painted with Robert Fulton. An example can be found on the website of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco on their "American Currency Exhibit":
A blue plaque was erected to commemorate him at 141 Cleveland Street, London, where he lived from 1812 to 1815.
According to the obituary of The New York Times published on April 3, 1872, Morse received their respective decorations from Atiq Nishan-i-Iftikhar (English: The Order of Glory) [the first medal on the wearer is appropriately portrayed in the photo Morse with a medal], set in a diamond, from Sultan Abd ¼ ¼lmecid of Turkey (c.1847), "golden tobacco box containing Prussian gold medals for scientific reward" from King of Prussia (1851); the Gold Medal of Arts and Science of the Great of the King of WÃÆ'¼rttemberg (1852); and the Gold Medal of Great Science and Art of the Austrian Emperor (1855); cross the Chevalier in LÃÆ' Â © gion d'honneur of the Emperor of France; The Knights Cross from the Dannebrog Order of the King of Denmark (1856); The Cross of the Commander of the Order of the Catholic Isabella Order, of the Queen of Spain, is elected to be a member of countless scientific and art communities in the United States and other countries. Other awards include the Order of Towers and Swords of the kingdom of Portugal (1860), and Italy conferred upon him the symbol of the Maurice and Lazarus religious chevalier symbols in 1864. The Morse telegraph was recognized as an IEEE milestone in 1988.
In 1975, Morse was incorporated into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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