Yellow is the color between orange and green on the visible light spectrum. This is due to the light with a dominant wavelength of about 570-590 nm. This is the main color in the subtractive color system, which is used in painting or color printing. In the RGB color model, used to create colors on television and computer screens, yellow is a secondary color created by combining red and green at the same intensity. Carotenoids give a distinctive yellow color for autumn leaves, corn, walnuts, daffodils, and lemons, as well as egg yolks, buttercups, and bananas. They absorb light energy and protect plants from photodamage. Sunlight has a bit of yellowish color, because of the surface temperature of the sun.
Because it is widely available, yellow ocher pigments are one of the first colors used in art; The Lascaux Cave in France has a 17,000-year-old yellow horse painting. The colors of ocher and orpiment are used to represent the colors of gold and leather in the Egyptian tomb, then in the murals in the Roman villas. In the early Christian church, the yellow color was the color associated with the Pope and the gold key of the Kingdom, but also associated with Judas Iscariot and used to mark heretics. In the 20th century, Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe were forced to wear yellow stars. In China, the yellow color is the color of the Middle Kingdom, and can only be worn by the Emperor and his household; special guests are greeted on a yellow carpet.
According to surveys in Europe, Canada and the United States, yellow is the color most often associated with entertainment, tenderness, humor, and spontaneity, but also with double, jealousy, jealousy, greed, and, in the US, with cowardice.. In Iran it has a pale connotation/disease, but also wisdom and connection. In China and many Asian countries, it is seen as the color of happiness, glory, harmony and wisdom.
Video Yellow
Etimologi
The word yellow comes from the Old English geolu , geolwe (italics), which means "yellow, yellowish", derived from the Proto language -German words "gelwaz " yellow ". It has the same Indo-European base, g? El - , like the words gold and yell ; g? el - means bright and shiny, and crying.
English terms related to other Germanic terms for yellow , ie Scots yella , East Frisian jeel , Western Frisian giel , Netherlands geel , Germany gelb , and Sweden and Norway gul . According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the longest known use of this term in English is from The Epinal Glossary in 700.
Maps Yellow
Science and nature
Optics, color printing, and computer screens
Yellow is found between green and orange in the visible light spectrum. This is the color that the human eye sees when seeing the light with the dominant wavelength between 570 and 590 nanometers.
In color printing, yellow is one of three ink colors, along with magenta and cyan, which, together with black, can be spread in the right combination, along with black, to print any colored image. (See CMYK color model). Certain yellow used, called yellow process (also known as "yellow pigment", "yellow printer", and "yellow canary") primary subtractive color, along with magenta and cyan. The yellow process is not RGB color, and there is no fixed conversion from primary CMYK to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer ink, so there can be variations in printed colors ie pure yellow ink.
The yellow color on a television screen or a color computer is made in a completely different way; by combining green and red light at the right level of intensity. (See RGB color model).
Warna komplementer
Traditionally, the complementary yellow color is purple; two colors facing each other in the color wheel used by painters. Vincent Van Gogh, a student of color theory, used a combination of yellow and purple in some of his paintings for maximum contrast and harmony.
Hunt defines that "two colors complement each other when it is possible to reproduce tristimulus values ​​from certain acromatic stimuli with additive mixtures of these two stimuli." That is, when two colored lights can be mixed to match a certain white (acromatic, colorless) light, the colors of the two lights are complementary. This definition, however, does not limit what white version will be determined. In the nineteenth century, Grassmann and Helmholtz scientists conducted experiments in which they concluded that finding a good complement to the spectral yolks was difficult, but the result was indigo, that is, the wavelengths to be used by today's color scientists would be called purple or purple . Helmholtz says "Yellow and blue indigo" is a complement. Grassmann reconstructs the boundaries of Newton's category in terms of wavelengths and says "Therefore this tilapia is within the color boundary between the two, according to Helmholtz, complementary colors of yellow lies."
The color of Newton's own color is yellow just across the boundary between indigo and purple. This result, that the yellow complement is a wavelength shorter than 450 m, which can be derived from the modern CIE 1931 system of colorimetry if it is assumed that the yellow is about 580 nm or the shorter wavelength, and the specified white is the color of the black radiator from a temperature of 2800 K or lower (ie, white from an ordinary incandescent light bulb). More specifically, with daytime colors or about 5000 to 6000 K white, the yellow complement will be in the blue wavelength range, which is the standard modern answer for yellow enhancements.
Due to the characteristics of paint pigments and the use of different color wheels, painters have traditionally considered the yellow complement as an indigo or blue-violet color.
Laser
Lasers that radiate in the yellow part of the spectrum are less common and more expensive than most other colors. In commercial products diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology is used to create yellow light. The infrared laser diode of 808 nm is used to pump the neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide crystals (Nd: YVO4) or the neodymium-doped yttrium (Nd: YAG) aluminum garnet and induce it to emit at two frequencies (281.76 THz and 223.39 THz : wavelength 1064 and 1342 n) simultaneously. This deeper infrared light is then passed through other crystals containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose nonlinear properties produce light at frequencies which are the sum of two incident files (505.15 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 593.5 n nm ("yellow"). This wavelength is also available, albeit less frequently, from the helium-neon laser. However, this is not a true yellow, as it exceeds 590 nm. Variants of the same DPSS technology using slightly different initial frequencies were made available in 2010, generating a wavelength of 589 nm, which is considered a true yellow color. The use of yellow lasers at 589 nm and 594 nm has recently become wider thanks to the optogenetics field. Astronomy
Spectral star stars F and G, like our Sun, have color temperatures that make them look "yellowish". The first astronomer to classify the stars according to their color was F. G. W. Struve in 1827. One of the classifications is flavae , or yellow, and this is roughly related to stars in the modern spectral range F5 to K0. StrÃÆ'¶mgren photometric systems for star classification include y 'or yellow filters centered at 550 nm wavelength and have a bandwidth of 20-30 nm.
Biology
The deciduous leaves, yellow flowers, bananas, oranges and other yellow fruits all contain carotenoids, yellow and red organic pigments found in chloroplasts and plant chromoplasts and some other photosynthetic organisms such as algae, some bacteria and some fungi. They serve two key roles in plants and algae: they absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis, and they protect green chlorophyll from photodamage.
At the end of the summer, when the daytime is short and the temperature is cold, the veins carrying fluid in and out of the leaf are gradually sealed. The water and mineral intake into the leaves decreases, slowly at first, and then faster. During this time the chlorophyll begins to decline. When chlorophyll is reduced, yellow and red carotenoids become more and more visible, creating the classic autumn leaf color.
Carotenoids are common in many living things; they give a distinctive color to carrots, corn, daffodils, rutabagas, buttercups, and bananas. They are responsible for red cooked lobster, pink flamingo and salmon and yellow walnut and egg yolks.
Xanthophylls are the most common yellow pigment that forms one of the two major divisions of the carotenoid group. His name is Greek xanthos ( ?????? , "yellow") phyllon ( ?????? , "leaf"). Xanthophylls are most commonly found in the leaves of green plants, but they also find their way to the animals through the food they eat. For example, the yellow color of egg yolks chicken, fat, and skin comes from the feed consumed chicken. Chicken breeders understand this, and often add xanthophylls, usually lutein, to make the yolk more yellow.
Bananas are green when picked because of the chlorophyll contained in their skin. Once picked, they begin to mature; the hormone in bananas converts amino acids into ethylene gas, which stimulates the production of some enzymes. This enzyme starts to change the color, texture and taste of bananas. The green chlorophyll supply is stopped and the carotenoid yellow color replaces it; finally, when the enzyme continues their work, the cell wall breaks and the banana becomes brown.
Fish
- Yellowtail is a common name for dozens of different fish species that have yellow or yellow tails.
- The yellowfin tuna ( Thunnus albacares ) is a tuna species, has a bright yellow fin and a second dorsal fin. Found in tropical and subtropical seas and weighing up to 200 kg (440 pounds), it is captured as a replacement for the stock of exhausted bluefin tuna.
Insects
- The yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti ) is a mosquito that is so named because it emits dengue fever and yellow fever, a virus brought by mosquitoes.
- Yellowjackets are black and yellow wasps of the genus Vespula or Dolichovespula (though some may be black and white, most notably are horned bald horns, Dolichovespula maculata
Tree
- The population of tremuloides is a native of the deciduous tree to the colder regions of North America, one of the few species referred to by the common name of aspen. Populus tremuloides is the most distributed tree in North America, found from Canada to central Mexico.
- The yellow birch tree ( Betula alleghaniensis ) is a native Eastern American birch species, from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec west to Minnesota, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. They are medium leaf trees and can reach about 20 m (66 ft), stems up to 80 cm (31 inches) in diameter. The skin is smooth and yellow bronze, and this wood is widely used for flooring, cabinets, and toothpicks.
- Thorny yellow wood is an Australian rainforest tree that has an old yellow wood.
- Yellow poplar is the common name for Liriodendron , tuliptree. Common names are not accurate because the genus is not associated with poplars.
- The Handroanthus albus is a tree with the original yellow flowers Cerrado from Brazil.
History, art and fashion
Prehistoric
Yellow, in the form of yellow ocher pigments made of clay, is one of the first colors used in prehistoric cave art. The Lascaux Cave has a yellow horse image estimated to be 17,300 years old.
Ancient history
In Ancient Egypt, yellow was associated with gold, thought to be imperishable, immortal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods are believed to be made of gold. The Egyptians used the yellow color extensively in grave paintings; they usually use yellow ocher or brilliant orpion, even though it is made of arsenic and very poisonous. A small paint box with orpiment pigment was found in King Tutankhamun's tomb. Men are always shown with brown face, women with yellow or golden faces.
The ancient Romans used a yellow color in their paintings to represent gold and also in color. This is often found in Pompeii murals.
Post-classical history
During the Post-Classical period, the yellow color became solid as the color of Judas Iscariot, the disciple who betrayed Jesus Christ, although the Bible never describes his clothes. From this relationship, yellow also takes association with envy, jealousy and duplicity.
Tradition began in the Renaissance by marking outsiders as non-Christians, like the Jews, in yellow. In the 16th century Spain, those accused of heresy and who refused to abandon their views were forced to come before the Spanish Inquisition wore a yellow robe.
Yellow color has historically been associated with moneylenders and finance. The National Pawnbrokers Association logo depicts three golden balls hanging in a bar, referring to three golden pockets believed by the patron saint patron, St. Nicholas, in his hands. In addition, the symbol of three golden balls was found in the Medici state symbol, a famous Italian banker and lender dating back to the 15th century.
Modern history
18th and 19th centuries
The 18th and 19th centuries saw the discovery and manufacture of synthetic pigments and dyes, which quickly replaced the traditional yellow color made from arsenic, cow urine, and other substances.
Around 1776, Jean-Honorà © Fragonard painted the Young Girl Reading . He wore a bright yellow saffron dress. This painting "is considered by many critics as one of the most fascinating and impressive Fragonard".
The 19th century British painter, J.M.W. Turner was one of the first in the century to use yellow to create moods and emotions, the way a romantic composer uses music. His paintings of Rain, Steam, and Velocity - Great Central Railway are dominated by loud yellow clouds.
Georges Seurat used new synthetic colors in his experimental paintings consisting of small dots of primary colors, especially in his famous Sunday afternoon on Isle de la Grand jatte (1884-86). She does not know that the new synthetic yellow pigment, zinc yellow or zinc chromate, which she uses in light green grass, is very unstable and will quickly turn brown.
The painter Vincent van Gogh is a special admirer of yellow, the color of the sun. Writing to his sister from southern France in 1888, she writes, "Now we experience a very warm and windy climate that is very beneficial to me.Sam, the light for lack of a better word I can only call yellow, sulfur yellow "In Arles, Van Gogh painted sunflowers in a small house he rented at 2 Place Lamartine, a house painted in a color Van Gogh described as" yellow butter. " Van Gogh was one of the first artists to use commercially produced paints, rather than the paint he made himself. He used a traditional yellow ocher, but also yellow chrome, first made in 1809, and cadmium yellow, first made in 1820.
At the end of the 19th century, in 1895, a new popular art form began to appear in New York newspapers; color comic strips. It takes advantage of the new color printing process, which uses color separation and three different ink colors; magenta, cyan, and yellow, plus black, to create all the colors on the page. One of the first characters in the new comic strip is the cute child of New York street named Mickey Dugen, better known as the Yellow Kid, from the yellow nightshirt he wore. He gave his name (and color) to the entire popular genre, sensational journalism, which came to be known as "yellow journalism".
the 20th and 21st centuries
In the 20th century, the yellow color was revived as a symbol of excommunication, as happened in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The Jews in Nazi Germany and the occupied countries of Germany were asked to sew a yellow triangle with the star of David to their clothes.
In the 20th century, modernist painters reduced the painting to its simplest color and geometric shape. The Dutch modern painter Piet Mondrian made a series of paintings consisting of pure white canvas with a grid of black and yellow vertical and horizontal lines and yellow, red, and blue rectangles.
Yellow is greatly appreciated in the 20th century because of its high visibility. Because of its ability to be well viewed from further distances and at high speeds, the yellow color makes the ideal color seen from moving cars. It is often replaced red as the color of fire trucks and other emergency vehicles, and is very popular in fluorescent lights, especially in Las Vegas and in China, where the yellow color is the most respectable color.
In the 1960s, Pickett Brand developed the "Eye Saver Yellow" slide rule, which was produced in a certain yellow color (Angstrom 5600) that reflected wavelengths and improved optimal eyeliness to help prevent eye fatigue and improve visual accuracy.
The 21st century saw the use of unusual materials and technologies to create new ways of experiencing yellow tones. One example is the Weather project , by Danish-Icelandic artist Olafur Eliasson, installed in the open space at the Turbine Hall of London's Tate Modern in 2003.
Eliasson uses humidifiers to create a fine mist in the air through a mixture of sugar and water, as well as a semicircle disk consisting of hundreds of monochromatic lights that emit yellow light. The ceiling of the hall is covered with a large mirror, where visitors can see themselves as a small black shadow against a beam of light.
Fruits, vegetables, and eggs
Many yellow fruit when ripe, such as lemons and bananas, their color comes from carotenoid pigments. Egg yolk gets the color of xanthophylls, also a kind of carotenoid pigment.
Flowers
The saffron color comes from crocin, a variation of the natural red pigment of carotenoids. The color of the dyed fabric varies from dark red to orange to yellow, depending on the type of saffron and the process. Most saffron today are from Iran, but are also grown commercially in Spain, Italy and Kashmir in India, and as boutique plants in New Zealand, Britain, France, Switzerland and other countries. In the United States, it has been cultivated by the Dutch community of Pennsylvania since the early 18th century. Due to the high price of saffron, other similar dyes and spices are often sold under the saffron name; for example, the so-called Indian saffron is often really turmeric.
- Reseda luteola, also known as guled dyers, yellow or welded weeds, has been used as a yellow dye from the neolithic age. It grows wild along the roads and walls of Europe, and is introduced to North America, where it grows as a weed. It is used both as a yellow dye, whose color is deep and immortal, and to dye a green cloth, first by dipping it blue with indigo, then coloring with luteola reseda to turn it into a rich, dense and lasting green. It is the most common yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was first replaced by quercitron tree bark from North America, then by synthetic dyes. It is also widely used in North Africa and in the Ottoman Empire.
- Gamboge is an inner turmeric to inherit pigments and yellow dyes. In Asia, it is often used to color the Buddhist monk's robe. Gamboge is most often extracted by tapping resins from various species of pine tree family Guttiferae, which grows in Cambodia, Thailand, and elsewhere in Southeast Asia. "Kambuj" (Sanskrit: ?????) is an ancient Sanskrit name for Cambodia.
Food coloring
The most commonly used yellow food color today is called Tartrazine. This is a synthetic yellow azo lemon dye. It is also known as E number E102, C.I. 19140, FD & amp; C yellow 5, yellow acid 23, yellow food 4, and trisodium 1- (4-sulfonatophenyl) -4- (4-sulfonatophenylazo) -5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate. It is the most commonly used yellow processed food products such as corn and potato chips, breakfast cereals such as corn flakes, candies, popcorn, mustard, jam and jelly, gelatin, soft drinks (especially Mountain Dew), energy and sports drinks, and pastries. It is also widely used in liquid soaps and bars, shampoo, cosmetics and medicines. Sometimes mixed with blue dye for the color of green processed products.
Usually labeled on food packages as "color", "tartrazine", or "E102". In the United States, due to concerns about possible health problems associated with intolerance to tartrazine, its presence should be stated on the label of food products and drugs.
Other popular synthetic yellow colors are Sunset Yellow FCF (also known as yellow orange S, FD & C yellow 6 and CI 15985 ) It is manufactured from aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum. When added to food sold in Europe, it is denoted by E number E110.
Symbolism and association
In the west, yellow is not the preferred color; in the 2000 survey, only six percent of respondents in Europe and America named it their favorite color. compared with 45 percent for blue, 15 percent for green, 12 percent for red, and 10 percent for black. For seven percent of respondents, it is the least favorite color. Yellow is the color of ambivalence and contradiction; colors associated with optimism and entertainment; but also with betrayal, duplicity, and jealousy. But in China and other parts of Asia, yellow is the color of virtue and nobility.
In Chinese
Yellow has a strong historical and cultural association in China, where it is the color of happiness, glory, and wisdom. In China, there are five directions to the compass; north, south, east, west, and center, each with a symbolic color. Yellow indicates the center. China is called the Middle Kingdom; the Emperor's palace is considered to be in the right center of the world.
China's first legendary Emperor was called the Yellow Emperor. The last Chinese emperor Puyi (1906-67), described in his memoir how every object that surrounds him as a child is yellow. "It makes me understand from my gentle age that I am a unique essence, and it instills in me the awareness of my 'celestial nature' that makes me different from every other human being."
The Chinese Emperor is literally regarded as a child of heaven, with political and religious roles, both of which are symbolized in yellow. Only members of the Imperial family were allowed to wear yellow. The honored visitors have the honor of a yellow carpet instead of red.
In Chinese symbolism, yellow, red and green are masculine colors, while black and white are considered feminine. In the traditional symbolism of two opponents that complement each other, yin and yang, masculine which is traditionally represented by yellow. Like five elements, five directions and five colors in the Chinese worldview, there are also five seasons; summer, winter, autumn, spring, and late summer, denoted by yellow leaves.
In Chinese pop culture today, the term "yellow film" (????) refers to films and other cultural items that are pornographic and analogous to the term "blue film" in English. In 2007, this became the basis of a very erotic 'very hard' controversy (literally, 'very strongly yellow') in mainland China.
Light and reason
Yellow, as the color of sunlight, is generally associated with warmth. Yellow is combined with heat and energy symbolized red. The yellow painted room feels warmer than the white painted room, and the light with the yellow light looks more natural than the light with white light.
Because the color of light, yellow is also associated with knowledge and wisdom. In English and many other languages, "brilliant" and "intelligent" intelligence means intelligence. In Islam, the golden yellow color symbolizes wisdom. In medieval European symbolism, the symbol of red, blue passion symbolizes the spiritual, and the symbolized yellow symbol. In many European universities, yellow dresses and hats are worn by faculty members of physical and natural sciences, because yellow is the color of reason and research.
Gold and blonde
In ancient Greece and Rome, the gods were often depicted with yellow, or blond hair; which is described in the literature as 'gold'. The yellow color is associated with the sun gods Helios and Apollo. It's fashionable in ancient Greece for men and women to dye their hair yellow, or spend time in the sun to whiten it. In ancient Rome, prostitutes were asked to whiten their hair, to be easily identifiable, but also to be a fashionable hair color for an aristocratic woman, influenced by the exotic blond hair of many newly conquered slaves from Gaul, England and Germany. However, in medieval Europe and later, the word yellow often has a negative connotation; is associated with betrayal, so the more poetic yellow hair is called 'blonde', 'light', 'fair', or most often "gold".
Visibility and caution
Yellow is the most visible color from a distance, so it is often used for objects that need to be seen, such as fire engines, road maintenance equipment, school buses and taxis. It's also often used for warning alerts, because yellow traditionally gives a warning sign, not a hazard. Yellow safety is often used for accident and safety prevention information. The yellow light on the traffic signal means slowing down, but not stopping. Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) using Pantone 116 (yellow) as their standard color implies a "general warning," while the Federal Highway Administration is equally using yellow to communicate warnings or caution on the sign board. A yellow penalty card in a football game means a warning, but not an expulsion.
Optimism and fun
Yellow is the color most closely related to optimism and pleasure; it is a color designed to attract attention, and is used for entertainment. The yellow dress in fashion is sparse, but it is always associated with cheerfulness and celebration.
In other cultures
- The ancient Maya ties yellow to the south. The Maya flying machine for "yellow" (k'an) also means "precious" or "mature".
- Yellow "(" giallo "), in Italian, refers to a criminal story, both fiction and real.The association began around 1930, when the first series of criminal novels published in Italy had a yellow cover.
Music
- The Beatles 1966 album Revolver featured hit No. 1, "Yellow Submarine". Furthermore, United Artists released an animated film in 1968 called Yellow Submarine , based on The Beatles music.
- The March 1967 album by Donovan called Mellow Yellow reached number 2 on the US Billboard chart in 1966 and number 8 in the UK in early 1967. The flagship song on the album, "Mellow Yellow", popularized during the spring of 1967, a widely believed belief that it is possible to get high with the cigarette bits of the inside of a banana peel, although this rumor actually started in 1966 by Country Joe McDonald. li>
- Coldplay gained worldwide fame with the 2000 single "Yellow".
- "Yellow River" is a song recorded by the British band Christie in 1970.
- The Yellow River Piano Concerto is a piano concert arranged by a collaboration between musicians including Yin Chengzong and Chu Wanghua. The premiere in 1969 during the Cultural Revolution.
Politics
- In the United States, a Democratic yellow dog is a Southern voter who consistently votes for Democratic candidates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries due to lingering resentment against Republicans returning to war Civil and Reconstruction period. Today the term refers to a hard Democrat, who supposedly refers to someone who would choose a "yellow dog" before choosing a Republican.
- In China, the Yellow Turbans was a Taoist sect that perpetrated an extensive insurgency during the Han Dynasty.
- Yellow is an important color of anarcho-capitalist symbolism.
- The 1986 People's Power Revolution in the Philippines is also known as the Yellow Revolution because of the presence of yellow ribbons during the demonstration.
- Contemporary yellow-colored political parties include the Liberal Democrats and UKIPs in Britain, the SNPs in Scotland and the Libertarians in the United States.
Flag historic
Selected national and international flag
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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